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Clinical Neuroscience > Upper Motor Neurons > Flashcards

Upper Motor Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

What conveys movement information from the brain to LMN in the brainstem or spinal cord?

A

Descending UMN

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2
Q

What are the categorizations of UMN? (3)

A
  • postural and gross movement
  • selective motor control tracts
  • nonspecific tracts
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3
Q

What do postural control movements control?

A

contraction of antigravity muscles and groups of limb muscles

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4
Q

What does selective motor control do?

A

Isolate contraction of individual muscles of the limbs and face

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5
Q

What do nonspecific tracts do?

A

facilitate all LMN

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6
Q

What brain structures adjust activity in the descending motor tracts?

A

Cerebelum and motor basal ganglia

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7
Q

Where do motor tracts arise from?

A

Cerebral cortex and brainstem

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8
Q

UMN project from ____ and ____ centers to ____ and ____ LMN and to ____ in the spinal cord

A

cortical and brainstem
alpha and gamma
interneurons

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9
Q

UMN projected to spinal cord are classified as what?

A
  • medially
  • laterally
  • throughout the ventral horn
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10
Q

Which upper motor neuron is the following?

Descends in anterior column of spinal cord and synnapses with lower motor neurons and interneurons located in anteromedial gray matter

A

Medial UMN

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11
Q

Are medial UMN able to isolate activation of specific muscles?

A

No

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12
Q

Which upper motor neuron is the following?

  • lateral corticospinal tract
  • descends in lateral column of the spinal cord & synapses with LMN located in anterolateral gray matter
A

Lateral UMN

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13
Q

Neurons in the lateral corticospinal tract elicit what?

A

Selective motor control

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14
Q

What do nonspecific upper motor neurons synapse through?

A

Ventral horn

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15
Q

What do nonspecific UMN tracts contribute to?

A

Levels of excitation in spinal cord and facilitate local reflex arcs

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16
Q

Medial UMN synapse with LMN that innervate what muscles?

A

neck, trunk and limbs

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17
Q

What delivers signals that control postural and gross limb movements to medial LMN pools?

A
  • reticulospinal
  • medial & lateral vestibulospinal tracts
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18
Q

What medial motor tract controls some voluntary distal movements?

A

reticulospinal tract

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19
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract begin?

A

reticular formation of the pons and medulla

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20
Q

What tract is the primary input to the propriospinal interneurons which link spinal motor circuits at different levels of the spinal cord?

A

Reticulospinal tract

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21
Q

Reticulospinal tract neurons activate LMN’s that elicit what?

A

Simulateneous contraction of muscle groups across multiple joints

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22
Q

Flexor, extensor synergies of the limbs (abd & flex of shldr, elbow, wrist & fingers) are controlled by what?

A

Reticulospinal tract

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23
Q

What tract controls these synergies?

  • neck reflexes in response to auditory or visual input
  • coordination of muscular activty of the trunk & proximal muslces of all 4 limbs during walking
  • voluntary gross reaching
  • grasping movements
A

Reticulospinal tract

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24
Q

What is the reticulospinal tract unable to do?

A

isolate control of individual hand & foot intrinsic muscles

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25
What are reticulospinal neurons influenced by?
- cerebral cortex - cerebellar & sensory input to the reticular formation
26
What is the pontine & medulla division of the reticulospinal tract?
- pontine: medial reticulospinal tract - medulla: lateral reticulospinal tract
27
What do the medial and lateral reticulospinal tracts functions contribute towards?
- maintaining balance - making postural adjustments - controlling muscle tone and reflexes
28
What is the pathway of the medial reticulospinal tract?
descends ipsilaterally in the ant. white column of the spinal cord to synapse with LMN in the ant. horn
29
What body structures does the medial reticulospinal tract stimulate?
trunk and proximal limb extensors and inhibits flexor muscles
30
What is the pathway of the lateral reticulospinal tract?
descends bilaterally in the lateral white column of the spinal cord to synapse with LMN in ant. horn
31
What body structures does the lateral reticulospinal tract stimulate?
trunk and proximal limb flexors & inhibits extensor muscles
32
What does the medial vestibular nuclei recieve information about?
about head movement and position from vesibular apparatus
33
What is the pathway of the medial vestibulospinal tract?
Orginates in medial vestibular nucleus & projects bilaterally to cervical & thoracic spinal cord
34
What does the medial vestibulospinal tract affect?
Activity in LMN controlling neck and upper back muscles
35
What function does the lateral vestibular nuclei respond to?
Gravity information from the vestibular appartus
36
What is the pathway of the lateral vestibulospinal tract?
Faciliates ipsilateral lower motor neurons to extensors while inhibiting ipsilateral lower motor neurons to flexors
37
Where does the vestibulospinal tract begin?
vestibular nuclei in the pons and medulla
38
What is the pathway of the vestibulospinal tract?
descends ipsilaterally along ant. white column of spinal cord to synpase with LMN in ant. horn of respective levels
39
What is the vestibulospinal tract responsible for?
- altering muscle tone, muscle control - righting reflexes of head and neck to maintain posture
40
# Which corticospinal tract has the following actions? produces voluntary prescise, skilled, and synergistic movements of the extremities
Lateral corticospinal tract
41
# Which corticospinal tract has the following actions? involved in coordinating postural adjustments during voluntary movements
medial corticospinal tract
42
What is the pathway of the medial corticospinal tract?
direct connection from cerebral cortex to spinal cord descending from cortex through internal capsule and ant. brainstem
43
Indivdiual medial corticospinal axons project to what?
ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral spinal cord
44
Medial corticospinal tract synapse with LMN that control what muscles?
- neck - shldr - trunk
45
# What is the following a defintion of? ability to activate individual muscles independtly of other muscles
selective motor control
46
What movements are provided by lateral corticospinal neurons?
- wrist & hand extension - ankle & toe DF - selective motor control throughout the limbs
47
Where does the corticospinal tract arise?
motor planning areas and primary motor cortex
48
What do the corticospinal tracts in the lower medulla form?
Meduallary pyramids
49
Lateral corticospinal axons cross to contralateral side where?
Junction of medulla and spinal cord
50
Where do the neurons from the corticospinal tract orginate?
Primary motor cortex and premotor frontal areas
51
What is the pathway of the UMN in the corticospinal tract?
travel through posterior limb of internal capsule to enter brainstem, descends along spinal cord to reach ant. horn of the level of spinal nerve innervated
52
# True or False At pryamidal decussation in medulla most of corticospinal tract fibers cross opposite of the spinal cord and continue as lateral corticospinal tract
True
53
Motor cortex communicates with what through the corticospinal tract?
Skeletal muscle
54
What contains all the fibers travelling between the cortex, deep forebrain structures and spinal cord
Internal capsule
55
# What nonspecific UMN tract is this? releases serotonin, modulating activty of spinal LMN
Raphespinal tract
56
# What nonspecific UMN tract is this? releases norepinephrine, producing tonic faciliation of spinal LMN
Ceruleospinal tract
57
What functions are provided by the cortiobrainstem?
voluntary control of muscles in head and many muscles in neck
58
What is the pathway of the corticobrainstem tract?
arise in motor areas of the cerebral cortex, project to CN nuclei in brainstem which projects to muscles that control head and neck
59
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
Anterior to central sulcus
60
What are the 2 regions of the primary motor cortex and what function are they invovled with?
- premotor area & supplementary area - preparing for movement
61
Where is the premotor area located?
Lateral surface of hemisphere
62
Where is the supplementary area located?
Superior & Medial surface

Clinical Neuroscience (22 decks)

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