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Clinical Neuroscience > Upper Motor Neurons > Flashcards

Upper Motor Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

What conveys movement information from the brain to LMN in the brainstem or spinal cord?

A

Descending UMN

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2
Q

What are the categorizations of UMN? (3)

A
  • postural and gross movement
  • selective motor control tracts
  • nonspecific tracts
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3
Q

What do postural control movements control?

A

contraction of antigravity muscles and groups of limb muscles

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4
Q

What does selective motor control do?

A

Isolate contraction of individual muscles of the limbs and face

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5
Q

What do nonspecific tracts do?

A

facilitate all LMN

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6
Q

What brain structures adjust activity in the descending motor tracts?

A

Cerebelum and motor basal ganglia

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7
Q

Where do motor tracts arise from?

A

Cerebral cortex and brainstem

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8
Q

UMN project from ____ and ____ centers to ____ and ____ LMN and to ____ in the spinal cord

A

cortical and brainstem
alpha and gamma
interneurons

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9
Q

UMN projected to spinal cord are classified as what?

A
  • medially
  • laterally
  • throughout the ventral horn
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10
Q

Which upper motor neuron is the following?

Descends in anterior column of spinal cord and synnapses with lower motor neurons and interneurons located in anteromedial gray matter

A

Medial UMN

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11
Q

Are medial UMN able to isolate activation of specific muscles?

A

No

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12
Q

Which upper motor neuron is the following?

  • lateral corticospinal tract
  • descends in lateral column of the spinal cord & synapses with LMN located in anterolateral gray matter
A

Lateral UMN

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13
Q

Neurons in the lateral corticospinal tract elicit what?

A

Selective motor control

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14
Q

What do nonspecific upper motor neurons synapse through?

A

Ventral horn

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15
Q

What do nonspecific UMN tracts contribute to?

A

Levels of excitation in spinal cord and facilitate local reflex arcs

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16
Q

Medial UMN synapse with LMN that innervate what muscles?

A

neck, trunk and limbs

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17
Q

What delivers signals that control postural and gross limb movements to medial LMN pools?

A
  • reticulospinal
  • medial & lateral vestibulospinal tracts
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18
Q

What medial motor tract controls some voluntary distal movements?

A

reticulospinal tract

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19
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract begin?

A

reticular formation of the pons and medulla

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20
Q

What tract is the primary input to the propriospinal interneurons which link spinal motor circuits at different levels of the spinal cord?

A

Reticulospinal tract

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21
Q

Reticulospinal tract neurons activate LMN’s that elicit what?

A

Simulateneous contraction of muscle groups across multiple joints

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22
Q

Flexor, extensor synergies of the limbs (abd & flex of shldr, elbow, wrist & fingers) are controlled by what?

A

Reticulospinal tract

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23
Q

What tract controls these synergies?

  • neck reflexes in response to auditory or visual input
  • coordination of muscular activty of the trunk & proximal muslces of all 4 limbs during walking
  • voluntary gross reaching
  • grasping movements
A

Reticulospinal tract

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24
Q

What is the reticulospinal tract unable to do?

A

isolate control of individual hand & foot intrinsic muscles

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25
Q

What are reticulospinal neurons influenced by?

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • cerebellar & sensory input to the reticular formation
26
Q

What is the pontine & medulla division of the reticulospinal tract?

A
  • pontine: medial reticulospinal tract
  • medulla: lateral reticulospinal tract
27
Q

What do the medial and lateral reticulospinal tracts functions contribute towards?

A
  • maintaining balance
  • making postural adjustments
  • controlling muscle tone and reflexes
28
Q

What is the pathway of the medial reticulospinal tract?

A

descends ipsilaterally in the ant. white column of the spinal cord to synapse with LMN in the ant. horn

29
Q

What body structures does the medial reticulospinal tract stimulate?

A

trunk and proximal limb extensors and inhibits flexor muscles

30
Q

What is the pathway of the lateral reticulospinal tract?

A

descends bilaterally in the lateral white column of the spinal cord to synapse with LMN in ant. horn

31
Q

What body structures does the lateral reticulospinal tract stimulate?

A

trunk and proximal limb flexors & inhibits extensor muscles

32
Q

What does the medial vestibular nuclei recieve information about?

A

about head movement and position from vesibular apparatus

33
Q

What is the pathway of the medial vestibulospinal tract?

A

Orginates in medial vestibular nucleus & projects bilaterally to cervical & thoracic spinal cord

34
Q

What does the medial vestibulospinal tract affect?

A

Activity in LMN controlling neck and upper back muscles

35
Q

What function does the lateral vestibular nuclei respond to?

A

Gravity information from the vestibular appartus

36
Q

What is the pathway of the lateral vestibulospinal tract?

A

Faciliates ipsilateral lower motor neurons to extensors while inhibiting ipsilateral lower motor neurons to flexors

37
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal tract begin?

A

vestibular nuclei in the pons and medulla

38
Q

What is the pathway of the vestibulospinal tract?

A

descends ipsilaterally along ant. white column of spinal cord to synpase with LMN in ant. horn of respective levels

39
Q

What is the vestibulospinal tract responsible for?

A
  • altering muscle tone, muscle control
  • righting reflexes of head and neck to maintain posture
40
Q

Which corticospinal tract has the following actions?

produces voluntary prescise, skilled, and synergistic movements of the extremities

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

41
Q

Which corticospinal tract has the following actions?

involved in coordinating postural adjustments during voluntary movements

A

medial corticospinal tract

42
Q

What is the pathway of the medial corticospinal tract?

A

direct connection from cerebral cortex to spinal cord descending from cortex through internal capsule and ant. brainstem

43
Q

Indivdiual medial corticospinal axons project to what?

A

ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral spinal cord

44
Q

Medial corticospinal tract synapse with LMN that control what muscles?

A
  • neck
  • shldr
  • trunk
45
Q

What is the following a defintion of?

ability to activate individual muscles independtly of other muscles

A

selective motor control

46
Q

What movements are provided by lateral corticospinal neurons?

A
  • wrist & hand extension
  • ankle & toe DF
  • selective motor control throughout the limbs
47
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract arise?

A

motor planning areas and primary motor cortex

48
Q

What do the corticospinal tracts in the lower medulla form?

A

Meduallary pyramids

49
Q

Lateral corticospinal axons cross to contralateral side where?

A

Junction of medulla and spinal cord

50
Q

Where do the neurons from the corticospinal tract orginate?

A

Primary motor cortex and premotor frontal areas

51
Q

What is the pathway of the UMN in the corticospinal tract?

A

travel through posterior limb of internal capsule to enter brainstem, descends along spinal cord to reach ant. horn of the level of spinal nerve innervated

52
Q

True or False

At pryamidal decussation in medulla most of corticospinal tract fibers cross opposite of the spinal cord and continue as lateral corticospinal tract

A

True

53
Q

Motor cortex communicates with what through the corticospinal tract?

A

Skeletal muscle

54
Q

What contains all the fibers travelling between the cortex, deep forebrain structures and spinal cord

A

Internal capsule

55
Q

What nonspecific UMN tract is this?

releases serotonin, modulating activty of spinal LMN

A

Raphespinal tract

56
Q

What nonspecific UMN tract is this?

releases norepinephrine, producing tonic faciliation of spinal LMN

A

Ceruleospinal tract

57
Q

What functions are provided by the cortiobrainstem?

A

voluntary control of muscles in head and many muscles in neck

58
Q

What is the pathway of the corticobrainstem tract?

A

arise in motor areas of the cerebral cortex, project to CN nuclei in brainstem which projects to muscles that control head and neck

59
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Anterior to central sulcus

60
Q

What are the 2 regions of the primary motor cortex and what function are they invovled with?

A
  • premotor area & supplementary area
  • preparing for movement
61
Q

Where is the premotor area located?

A

Lateral surface of hemisphere

62
Q

Where is the supplementary area located?

A

Superior & Medial surface

Clinical Neuroscience (22 decks)

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