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Clinical Neuroscience > Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nervous system enable?

A

Perception and interaction with the environment

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2
Q

What is the structure and function of the nervous system?

A
  • Enables detection of sensory input, process and make decisions
  • Responds to body to generate motor output
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3
Q

Name the 5 regions of the nervous system

A
  • Peripheral
  • Spinal
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellar
  • Cerebral
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4
Q

Which nervous system is this?

  • Neurons in the brain and spinal cord
  • Parts encased in bone (skull and vertebral column)
A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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5
Q

Which nervous system is this?

  • All nervous system structures outside of the skull and vertebral column
  • Vast network of nerves consisting of bundle of axons that link body to brain and spinal cord, sensory receptors and autonomic and dorsal root ganglion
A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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6
Q

What are the 5 subdivisions of the CNS?

A
  • Spinal Cord
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
  • Diencephalon
  • Cerebral Hemisphere
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7
Q

This nervous system recieves, integrates, processes and generates neural impulses that control bodily functions

A

The CNS

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8
Q

This nervous system controls intelligence, memory, learning cognition and emotion

A

The CNS

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9
Q

What part of the body does the following?

Sorts sensory information collected from the body and coordinates conscious and unconsious activity

controls thinking to understand matters, making judgements, problem-solving, emotion, and remembering

A

The Brain

Part of the CNS

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10
Q

What part of the body does the following?

Conducts 2-way signals between brain and body, governing basic muslce reflexes and movement patterns

conveys somatosensory and autonomic information to the brain and signals neurons that control movement and autonomic function

A

Spinal Cord

Part of the CNS

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11
Q

What is the following PNS division?

Sensory information from internal and external environment via sensory organs

A

Afferent (sensory) division

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12
Q

What is the following PNS division?

Has somatic motor and visceral motor divisions

A

Efferent (motor) divison

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13
Q

What is motor axons that connect brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscle

A

Somatic motor axons

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14
Q

What is system that inntervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

A

Visceral Motor (autonomic nervous system)

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15
Q

What are sympathetic and parasympathetic divisons a part of?

A

Visceral motor (autonomic nervous system)

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16
Q

What is fight or flight; moblizes body systems during emergency situations

A

Sympathetic division

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17
Q

What is rest and digest; promotes non-emergency functions and restores energy

A

Parasympathetic division

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18
Q

What system is bidirectional communicaiton between brain and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

A

Autonomic system

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19
Q

What system is transmiting information from skin and musculoskeletal system to the cerebral cortex?

A

Somatosensory System

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20
Q

What system is conveying information from the brain to skeletal muscle?

A

Somatic motor system

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21
Q

What is basic structure and functional units of nervous system

Building block of nervous system

A

Neurons

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22
Q

What is supporting and protecting neurons

Building blocks of nervous system

A

Glia cells

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23
Q

What is specalized to recieve information and to support electrical signals and synapse (communicating with other neuron or effector cells)

Part of neuron shape

A

Outer membrane

24
Q

What is thin, branch processes; extends from cell body, serves as input site for neuron and recieving information from other neurons

A

Dendrite

25
Q

What intergrates all information coming into neuron; provides metabolic support and contains cell nucleus

A

Cell Body

26
Q

What is the tubular process arising from specialized area of cell body called axon hillock
function: transmitting ongoing electrical signals from neurons integrating center to target cells at the end of it

A

Axon

27
Q

What is all input summed here and decision to propagate action potential encoded and transmitted down axon

A

Axon hillock

28
Q

What releases neural transmitters in synaptic cleft, binds to receptors on post synaptic cell at synapse

A

Presynaptic Terminal

29
Q

What is the first neuron that contains information to be communicated

A

Presynaptic Neuron

30
Q

What is the second neuron that receives the information

A

Postsynaptic Neuron

31
Q

What is the chemcial that is released when nerve impulses arrive at end of presynaptic neuron’s axon

A

Neurotranmitter

32
Q

What synapse is between axon and presynaptic neuron and the cell body or soma of postsynaptic neuron

Type of synapse

A

Axosomatic Synapse

33
Q

What synapse is between axon of a presynaptic neuron and dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron

Type of Synapse

A

Axodendritic Synapse

34
Q

What is between axon of a presynaptic neuron and axon of postsynaptic neuron

Type of Synapse

A

Axoaxonic Synapse

35
Q

What neuron conducts impulses out of CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands)

A

Motor (efferent) neuron

36
Q

What is located within CNS between sensory and motor pathways; involved in signal integration

A

Interneuron

37
Q

What conducts impulses from sensory receptors into CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) neuron

38
Q

What is this neuron?

  • multiple dendrites stem from many areas of the cell body
  • single axon arises from axon hillock
  • recieve and accomodate massive amounts of synpatic input to their dendrites
  • found in brain and spinal cord
A

Multipolar

39
Q

What is this type of neuron?

  • 2 primary processes that extend from cell body: dendritic root and axon
A

Bipolar

40
Q

What divides into multiple dendritic branches

A

Dendritic root

41
Q

What is this type of neuron?

  • single projection from cell body that divides into 2 axonal roots: peripheral and central axon
  • no true dendrites
  • one cell body supports both axons
A

Psuedounipolar

42
Q

What axon conducts sensory information from periphery toward cell body

A

Peripheral Axon

43
Q

What axon conducts information between cell body and the spinal cord

A

Central Axon

44
Q

These are the functions for what type of cell?

  • myelinating
  • singaling/cleaning/nourishing
  • defending
A

Glia cells

45
Q

Name the 6 glia cells

A
  • Satellite
  • Schwann cells
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Astrocytes
  • Ependymal Cells
46
Q

What cell is this?

  • produces myelin sheath
  • found in CNS
  • each cell myelinates several axons from different neurons
A

Oligodendrocytes

47
Q

What cell is this?

  • produce myelin sheath
  • found in PNS
  • each cell myelinates one axon at a time
A

Schwann cells

48
Q

What is recurring gaps in myelin sheath on axon to allow for ion passage
- enables salatory conduction

A

Nodes of Ranvier

49
Q

What is node-to-node jumping of action potential down myelinated axon

A

Saltatory conduction

50
Q

What cell is this?

  • largest and most structurally elaborate glia cell
  • directly singals neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes
  • regulates extracellular fluid by controlling ion levels, neurotransmitters and waste products
  • spread waves of Ca2+ via gap junctions
  • regulates nutrient transport to neurons via action on blood vessels
  • serves as part of blood-brain barrier
  • takes up extra K+ ions into extracellular environment
  • removes chemical tranmitters from synaptic cleft
  • cleans other debris in extracellular space
A

Astrocytes

51
Q

What is this?

  • essential to prevent pathogens and toxin to contact neurons
  • selective permeability that seperates blood and extracellular fluid
  • formed by tight junctions bewteen brain capillary endothelial cells and surrounding seal of astroctyes end feet
  • allows only lipid-soluble molecules through
A

Blood-Brain barrier

52
Q

What cell is this?

  • functions as phagocytes
  • cleans neural environment
  • cleans debris of dying cells
  • samples extracelluar environment for damage indicators
A

Microglia cells

53
Q

What cell is this?

  • covers soma in PNS
  • regulates extracellular environment
  • found in dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, and parasympathetic ganglia
  • key role in pathology of chronic pain
A

Satellite cells

54
Q

What cell is this?

  • lines ventricles and central canal of spinal cord
  • production, regulation, and movement of cerebrospinal fluid through ventricular system
A

Ependymal Cells

55
Q

What is composed of axons and myelin

  • deep to cortical gray matter in brain
  • surrounds gray matter in spinal cord
A

White Matter

56
Q

What consists of cell bodies and neurons

  • found in cortex on surface of forebrain and cerebellum, deep structures of forebrain (basal ganglia) and limbic system
  • located centrally in spinal cord forming H shape
A

Gray Matter

Clinical Neuroscience (22 decks)

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