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Clinical Neuroscience > Peripheral Neuropathies > Flashcards

Peripheral Neuropathies Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy resulting in demyelination of the peripheral nerves and motor fibers

A

Gullian-Barre Syndrome

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2
Q

What 2 nervous systems can be affected by peripheral nervous system pathology

A

somatic and autonomic

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3
Q

Which neuropathy involves the following? (sensory or autonomic nerves)

loss of autonomic function in the same region as the somatosensory loss

A

Sensory nerves

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4
Q

What is any pathologic change invovling peripheral nerves affected axons or myelin

A

Peripheral neuropathy

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5
Q

Where do lesions of somatic sensory nervous system occur?

A
  • dorsal root ganglia
  • spinal nerve root
  • somatic sensory nerve fibers
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6
Q

Loss of cutaneous sensation follows a peripheral nerve distribution pattern if what is damaged?

A

Peripheral nerve fibers

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7
Q

Loss of cutaneous sensation follows a dermatome distribution pattern if what is injured?

A

Spinal Nerve Root

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8
Q

What is absence of sensivity to sensory stimuli?

A

Anesthesia

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9
Q

What is increased sensivity to sensory sitmuli

A

Hyperesthesia

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10
Q

What is decreased sensivity to sensory stimuli

A

hypoesthesia

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11
Q

What is abnormal sensation such as numbness, prickling, or tingling, pins and needs, burning

A

Paraesthesia

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12
Q

What is impairments in position and movement awareness presenting as uncoordinated and inaccurate movments and balance issues

A

Proprioceptive abnormalites

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13
Q

What is impaired during proprioceptive abnormalities

A

planning, coordination, and execution of movement

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14
Q

What is uncoordinated, awkward voluntary movements as a result of the loss of proprioception

A

Sensory Ataxia

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15
Q

What type of neuropathic pain is this?

Normally painless stimuli from touching the skin is experience as pain or an unpleasant sensation

A

dysestheia

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16
Q

What type of neuropathic pain is this?

Percieivng innocuous stimuli as painful

A

Hyperalgesia

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17
Q

Motor abnormalities can affect what due to peripheral neuropathy?

A
  • spinal nerve root
  • somatic motor nerve fibers
  • motor end plate
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18
Q

What is random, spontaneous, brief contractions of single muscle fibers

A

Fibriliation

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19
Q

What does the altered membrane in fibriliation cause?

A

involuntary contractions

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20
Q

The muscle membrane undergoes denervation to ____ to _____

A

hypersensivity, acteylcholine

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21
Q

What is interrupting lower motor neuron signals to muscle decrease or prevents muscle contraction

A

Foot drop

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22
Q

What is parital loss of capacity for voluntary movement

A

Paresis

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23
Q

What is complete loss of capactiy for voluntary movement

A

Paralysis

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24
Q

What is muscle atrophy due to nervous system damage?

A

Neurogenic atrophy

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25
Q

What is muscle atrophy due to lack of use?

A

Disuse atrophy

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26
Q

Severe muscle atrophy is caused by what?

A

Complete denervation

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27
Q

Muscle atrophy occurs rapidly due to chnages in ____

A

pattern of protein production in muscles

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28
Q

What is abnormally low muscular resistance to passive stretch

A

hypotonia

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29
Q

What is complete denervation of somatic motor fibers; total lack of muscle tone?

A

flaccidty

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30
Q

What is reduced or loss of deep tendon reflexes

A

impaired reflexes

31
Q

Which nerve damage is this?

autonomic abnormalities which include lack of seating and loss of sympathetic control of smooth muscle fibers in the arterial walls

A

single nerve damage

32
Q

Which nerve damage is this?

autonomic abnormalites include impotence and difficulty regulating blood pressure, heart rate, sweating and bowel and bladder functions

A

multiple nerves

33
Q

Which visceral fiber abnormality is this?

abnormal transmission into the CNS relayed from visceral, glands, or smooth muscles affected baroreceptors signalling aterial pressure, receptors within organs, signaling irritants, distentin or hypoxia

A

Sensory visceral fibers

34
Q

Which visceral fiber abnormality is this?

alterations in involuntary motor functions, HR breathing and gut motitly

A

Visceral Motor fibers

35
Q

Why does trophic change occur?

A

the damaged nerve root is not able to provide nutritional factors with denervated tissues

36
Q

What happens when axon is severed?

A

Distal segment undergoes Wallerian degeneration

37
Q

What are the following steps of?

  1. axon terminal degenerates
  2. myelin breaks down and forms debris
  3. cell body undergoes metabolic changes
  4. presynaptic terminals retract from the dying cell body
  5. postsynaptic cells degenerate
A

Wallerian Degeneration

38
Q

What involves the destruction of myelin surrounding the sensory and motor fibers impeding conduction of action potentials?

A

Peripheral neuropathies

39
Q

What allows leakage of electrical current across the membrane, decreasing the ampltitude and velocity of the singal as the action potential travels down the axon

A

Demyelination

40
Q

Which cells in PNS guide axonal regrowth to their target cells and produce nerve growth factor?

A

Schwann cells

41
Q

What type of sprouting is this?

involves denervated neuron attracting side sprouts from nearby undamaged axons

A

Collaterral sprouting

42
Q

What type of sprouting is this?

involves the injured axon sending out side sprouts to form new synpases with undamaged neurons

A

Regenerative sprouting

43
Q

What is the recovery rate of axonal injury

A

1-3 in per month
1-3 mm per day

44
Q

What occurs if the wrong muscle target cells are innervated by sprouts resulting iin unintended movement?

A

Synkinesis

45
Q

What is the peripheral neuropathy that involves single nerve and causes focal dysfunction

A

mononeuropathy

46
Q

what is the peripheral neuropathy that involves several nerves and result in multifocal dysfunction; random asymmetirc presenation signs

A

multiple mononeuropathy

47
Q

What is the peripheral neuropathy that involves many nerves; symmetric involvement of sensory, motor, and autonomic axons often progressing distal to proximal

A

polyneuropathy

48
Q

What is loss of myelin limited to site of injury; large and small diameter fibers; no axon damage; complete recovery

A

Traumatic myelinopathy

49
Q

What is axon damage, myelin is intact; Wallerian degeneration distal to lesion; no axon damage; complete recovery

A

Traumatic Axonpathy

50
Q

What are nerves are physically divided due to excessive stretch or laceration; complete interruption of axons and myelin with degeneration; poor regeneration; inappropirate reinnervation and neuroma formatoin

A

Severance

51
Q

What is a traumatic myelinopathy caused by the mechanical construction of the median nerve within the anatomical canal

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

52
Q

What is the pathogy of carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

compression of median nerve in carpal tunnel

53
Q

What is this an etiology of?

  • gripping vibrating tools, extended time with wrist strongly flexed or extended, frequent repetitve use of flexor muscles; associated with genetic facotrs, pregnancy, and endocrine and rhematic disease
A

Carpal tunnel

54
Q

What are these symptoms caused by?

  • numbness, tignling, burning sensation in median nerve distribution
  • initially pain and numbness are notes at night
  • symptoms persist throughout the day and sensation is decreased or lost in the lateral 3.5 digits and adjacent palm
  • symptoms evoked by compression of median nerve or by stretching nerve
  • pain can radiate into forearm and shoulder due to spreading neuroinflammation from lesion site to dorsal horn in spinal cord
A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

55
Q

What are these motor symptoms of?

paresis and atrophy of thenar muscles

A

carpal tunnel syndrom

56
Q

What are these autononic symptoms of?

unusally severe lack of sweating in median nerve distribution

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

57
Q

When does the Gullain-Barre syndrome occur?

A

1-2 weeks after mild respiratory or gastrointenstinal infection and rapidy worsens

58
Q

What is this a patholgy of?

demyelination, axonal degradation

A

Gullain-Barre syndrome

59
Q

What is this an etiology of?

immune system produces antibody that cross-reacts with proteins contained within the myelin sheath, but sometimes the segmental demyelination is so extreme the axons degnerate

A

Gullain-Barre syndrome

60
Q

What are these sensory symptoms of?

  • weakness is greater than sensory loss
  • pain
  • hypersensivity to touch
  • abnormal sensation (tingling, burning)
A

Gullain-Barre syndrome

61
Q

What are these motor symptoms of?

  • paresis or paralysis
  • may include respiratory muscles
  • motor CN may be affected
A

Gullain-Barre syndrome

62
Q

What are the autonomic symptoms of?

  • changes in bowel, bladder, cardiac and respiratory function
  • blood pressure fluctuation, irregular cardiac rhythms, incontinence
A

Gullain-Barre syndrome

63
Q

What are these a pathlogy of?

  • demyelination and axon damage
  • abnormablities in ion channesl impair nerve conduction
  • loss of myelinated and unmyelinated axons
  • all sizes of sensory axons are damaged
  • nerves affected distally vs. proximally
A

Diabetic polyneuropathy

64
Q

What are these etiology of?

  • chronic metabolic disturbances affected nerve cells and Schwann cells
  • chornic hyperglycemia leads to abnormalities in microcirculation, creating enodthelia capillary changes and local ischemia that affect the nerve and damage Schwann cless
A

Diabetic polyneuropathy

65
Q

What are these sensory symptoms for?

  • sensation affected most
  • stocking-glove distribution
  • distal extremity more invovled than proximal
  • impaired vibration sense
  • numbeness, pain, paratheseais, dysethesias
  • lack of pain sensation
  • balance, gait, coordination problems
A

Diabetic polyneuropathy

66
Q

What are these motor symptoms of?

  • ankle reflexes decreased
  • muscle weakness and atrophy occur distally
  • muscle weakness causes abnormal stresses on joints
  • difficulty walking on heels but can walk on toes
A

Diabetic polyneuropathy

67
Q

What are these autonomic symptoms of?

  • cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, sweating
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • impaired sweating
  • bowel, bladder, digestive, genital, pupil, and lacrimal dysfunction
  • loss of autonomic regeneration of blood flow increases bone reabsorbtion
A

Diabetic polyneuropathy

68
Q

This is disruption in signalling between efferent nerve terminals and muscle cells in what disorder type?

A

Motor endplate disorders

69
Q

What is an autoimmune disease that damages acteylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Myasthenia gravis

70
Q

What has this pathology?

  • ACh is released into synpase
  • unable to bind to ACh receptors on muscle fiber due to antibodies on receptor blocking entry
  • antibody
  • muscle fiber not triggered resulting in weakness
A

Myasthenia gravis

71
Q

What has this etiology?

  • autoimmune disorder
  • decreased number of muscle membrane ACh receptors due to antibodies attacking and destroying nicotinic receptors on muscle cells
A

Myasthenia gravis

72
Q

What has this sensory symptom?

  • normal sensory
A

Myasthenia gravis

73
Q

What has these motor symptoms?

  • fluctuating muscle weakness
  • weakness increases with muscle age
  • affected muscles control eye movement and eyelid muscles, facial expression, etc.
  • proximal limb weakness causes difficulity reaching overhead, climbing stairs, etc.
A

Myasthenia gravis

74
Q

What autoimmune symptoms does this have?

normal autoimmune

A

Myasthenia gravis

Clinical Neuroscience (22 decks)

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