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Clinical Neuroscience > Lower Motor Neuron Disorders > Flashcards

Lower Motor Neuron Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the following a defintion of?

Adaptive shortening of a muscle-tendon unit

A

Contracture

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2
Q

What has this cause?

Caused by prolonged immobility of muscle and connective tissue in a shortened position

A

Contracture

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3
Q

Connective tissue in tendons, ligaments, and muscles lose what when immobilized in a shortened position for a prolonged period of time?

A

Loses elasticity and thickens

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4
Q

What is the following involuntary muscle contraction?

  • severe, painful muscle contractures lasting seconds to minutes
  • high-frequency discharges of LMN overstimulated by sensory and UMN input
  • can occur in a healthy neuromuscular system or may be a sign of pathology
A

Muscle Cramps

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5
Q

What is the following involuntary muscle contraction?

  • quick twithces of all muscle fibers in a single motor unit
  • visible on surface of skin
  • cause is unknown
  • can occur in a healthy neuromuscular system or may be a sign of pathology
A

Fasciculations

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6
Q

What is the following involuntary muscle contraction?

  • brief, involuntary contraction of muscle or group of muscles
  • pathologicly occurs in epilepsy, brain or spinal cord injury, stroke and chemical or drug poisoning
  • cause in the awake neuromuscular system is unknown
  • sleep-onset: when the wake-sleep transition elicits spinal motor neuron activity
  • can occur in healthy neuromuscular system or could be a sign of pathology
A

Myoclonus

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7
Q

What is the following involuntary muscle contraction?

  • random, spontaneous, brief contractions of single muscle fibers not visible on surface of the skin; always pathologic
  • occurs when muscle membrane is unstable owing to denervation, trauma, or electrolyte imbalance, and alterted membrane potential elicits involuntary contractions
  • muscle membrane undergoes denervation hypersensitivity & entire muscle membrane surface becomes hypersensitive to ACh
  • dectable only with electromyography
A

Fibrilations

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8
Q

What is the following a defintion of?

involuntary, rhythmic movments of a body part

A

Tremors

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8
Q

What type of tremor is this?

  • action tremor
  • occurs when body part is maintained against gravity
  • visble when person flexes shoulders and holds arms outstretched and unsupported
  • typical cause: enhanced physiologic tremor
  • cerebellar disorders
A

Postural tremor

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8
Q

What type of tremor is this?

  • Action tremor
  • occurs only when standing and affects trunk and lower limbs
  • most visible when person stands without support
  • typical cause: cerebellar lesion
A

Orthostatic Tremor

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8
Q

What are some physiologic reasons as to why a tremor could occur? (7)

A
  • Anxiety
  • stress
  • fatigue
  • medications
  • metabolic disorders
  • caffeine
  • alcohol withdrawal
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9
Q

What type of tremor is this?

  • Action tremor
  • occurs with voluntary movement and increases as target is approached
  • absent at rest
  • most visible when person performs finger-to-nose test or heel-to-shin test
  • typical cause: cerebellar lesion
A

Intention Tremor

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10
Q

What type of tremor is this?

  • occurs in relaxed body part that is supported
  • visible when person is not intentionally moving & tend to decrease with voluntary movement, sitting or lying down with upper and lower limbs supported
  • worsens during voluntary movement of another body part
  • Typical cause: Parkinson’s disease and related disorders
  • mainly affects hands and lower limbs
  • chin, lips, and trunk may also have tremors
A

Resting tremor

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11
Q

What type of tremor is this?

  • most common pathologic action tremor
  • both postural and intention tremors
  • affecting mainly head and hands
  • voice, lower limbs and trunk may also be affected
  • autosomal dominant inheritance: accounts for about half of these tremor cases
A

Esstential tremor

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12
Q

What type of tremor is this?

  • any of the tremor types
  • characterized by sudden onsent and remission
  • affects one body part then changes to a different body part
  • tremor diminishes or disappears when the person is distracted
  • caused by abnormal brain function in the absence of a structural lesion
A

Functional Tremor

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13
Q

When LMN signals to muscles are interrupted what happens?

A

Decrease or prevention of muscle contraction

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14
Q

What type of damage causes interruption of LMN? (4)

A
  • trauma
  • demyelinating diseases
  • infection
  • chronic neuropathy
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15
Q

What happens when there is a decrease or loss of reflexes when LMN has been interupted?

A
  • interrupt the efferent limb or reflexes
  • hyporeflexia or areflexia
  • reflexive contraction is absent if paralysis is due to a complete LMN lesion
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16
Q

What happens when paresis or paralysis occurs due to a LMN lesion?

A
  • loss or decreased ability to generate muscle force
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17
Q

What is the following a defintion of; when would the condition occur?

weakness; decreased ability to generate amount of force required for a task

A
  • Paresis
  • Would occur in LMN lesion
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18
Q

What is the following a defintion of; where would the condition occur?

inability to voluntary contract muscle(s)

A
  • Paralysis
  • Would occur in LMN lesion
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19
Q

What is the following a defintion of; when would the condition occur?

interrupts all axons in a nerve producing parlysis

A
  • Complete lesion of peripheral nerve
  • occurs during LMN lesion
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20
Q

What is the following a defintion of; when would the condition occur?

loss of muscle bulk

A
  • Muscle Atrophy
  • Occurs during LMN Lesion
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21
Q

What is the following a defintion of; when would the condition occur?

loss of muscle bulk due to lack of muscle use

A
  • disuse atrophy
  • Occurs during LMN lesion
22
Q

What is the following a defintion of; when would the condition occur?

Loss of muscle bulk due to damage to nervous system

A
  • Neurgenic atrophy
  • occurs during LMN lesion
23
Q

What is the following a defintion of; when would the condition occur?

  • severe muscle atrophy
A
  • complete denervation of skeletal muscle
  • occurs during LMN lesion
24
Q

What is the following a defintion of; when would the condition occur?

abnormally low muscular resistance to passive stretch

A
  • hypotonia
  • occurs in LMN lesion
25
Q

What is the following a defintion of; when would the condition occur?

lack of skeletal muscle resistance to passive stretch; complete absence of muscle tone

A
  • Flaccidity
  • Occurs during LMN lesion
26
Q

Depolorization of a muscle is recorded as what?

A

Muscle action potential

27
Q

What is a normal response to needle insertion when performing an EMG?

A

Brief interval of depolorization due to mechanical irritation of muscle fibers

28
Q

What does minimal voluntary contraction elicit?

A

Single motor unit action potentials

29
Q

What does maximal voluntary contraction elicit?

A

Full recruitment pattern created by asyncrhonous discharge of many muscle fibers

30
Q

Is the following fibrilation or fasciculation?

Always abnormal and occurs when demyelinated neurons develop ectopic foci, causing abnormal action potentials to be generated in the axon

A

Fibrilation

31
Q

Is the following fibrilation or fasciculation?

May occur in a normal neuromuscular system or may be pathologic

A

Fasciculation

32
Q

What are some causes or normal fasiculation?

A
  • dehydration
  • electrolyte imbalance
  • advanced age
33
Q

What indicated denervated muscle during maximal voluntary contraction?

A
  • fibrillations
  • reduced firing rate
34
Q

What is the following a defintion of?

Short-duration, low-amplitude potentials during voluntary contraction, lack of spontaneous muscle activity, sparing of somatosensation

A

Myopathy

35
Q

What structures are involved with LMN lesions?

A
  • Cranial lower motor neurons (nuclei)
  • spinal lower motor neurons
36
Q

What pathology can cause LMN lesions? (5)

A
  • trauma
  • infection
  • degnerative
  • vascular disorders
  • tumors
37
Q

Damage to LMN lesions is limited to what?

A

Limited to muscles innervated by affected LMN

38
Q

What are the voluntary movement impairments with LMN lesions?

A

weak or absent

39
Q

What are the strength impairments with LMN lesions?

A

ipsilaterial paresis and paralysis; peripheral nerve or myotome pattern

40
Q

What are the muscle bulk impairments with LMN lesions?

A

neurogenic atrophy with rapid, severe wasting in a peripheral nerve or myotome pattern

41
Q

What are the reflex impairments with LMN lesions?

A

decreased or absent

42
Q

What are the muscle tone impairments with LMN lesions?

A

decreased or absent presenting as hypotonia or flaccidity

43
Q

What is the following condition?

Affects people how have had polio, followed by a period of neurological stability then develop new or exacerbated symptoms several years later after acute poliomyelitis infection

A

Postpolio syndrome

44
Q

What are the signs of muscle weakness in postpolio syndrome

A
  • new muscle involvement
  • asymmetic pattern of weakness (proximal, distal, patch)
  • onset or aggravation of muscle atrophy
45
Q

What are the pain symptoms of postpolio syndrome

A
  • in parts of the body that were previously affected by polio
  • associated with mechanical stress on muscles, tendons, and joint from alterted biomechanics
  • overuse and substitution causing microtrauma and over exhaustion of motor units
46
Q

What are the fatigue symptoms of postpolio syndrome?

A
  • overwhelming exhaustion causing attention and cognitive problems
47
Q

What are some other symptoms of postpolio syndrome?

A
  • Respiratory defiency
  • sleep disorders
  • dysphonia or dysphagia
  • cold intolerance
  • onset or aggravation of preexting difficulites in performing activities of daily living
48
Q

What is the following condition?

Disease that destroys both upper and lower MN; bilateral destruction

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

49
Q

What is the following pathology for?

  • bilateral degeneration of LMN and UMN
  • some degeneration in frontal cerebral cortex
A

Amytrophic lateral scelorsis

50
Q

What is the following etilogy for?

Accumlation of abnormal proteins that may be toxic to motor neurons

A

Amytrophic lateral sclerosis

51
Q

What is the cognitive function signs of amytrophic lateral sclerosis?

A

Decesion-making impaired

52
Q

What are the communication and memory signs of amytrophic lateral sclerosis?

A
  • normal memory
  • language and verbal fluency impaired
53
Q

What are the emotional affects of amytrophic lateral sclerosis?

A
  • emotinal lability (abnormal uncontrolled emotions)
54
Q

What are the signs of UMN in amytrophic lateral sclerosis? (5)

A
  • paresis
  • hyperflexia
  • Babinski’s sign
  • Atrophy
  • fasciculations
55
Q

What are the LMN signs in amytrophic lateral sclerosis? (6)

A
  • paresis
  • hypoflexia
  • myoplastic changes
  • hypotonia
  • atrophy
  • fibrillations
56
Q

What are the loss of LMN in CN cause difficulites in?

A
  • eating/swallowing (CN 5,7,9,10, & 12)
  • Speaking (CN 5,7,10 & 12)
  • head movement (CN 11)

Clinical Neuroscience (22 decks)

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