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Clinical Neuroscience > Spinal Region Motor Function > Flashcards

Spinal Region Motor Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the following a definition of?

Generators located in the spinal cord that produce reciprocal lower extremity locomotor patterns in absence of supraspinal input

A

Stepping Pattern

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2
Q

What determines the firing rate to the LMN?

A

Input; which will then determine muscle contraction

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3
Q

Interneuron circuits integrate activity from all sources and then adjust output of ____ ____ ____

A

Lower motor neurons

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4
Q

Where do synapses get their information from?

A

IA, IB, II afterents, interneurons, and descending upper motor neurons

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5
Q

Motor activity elicted by descending commands can be modified by what?

A

By afferent input in normal movement

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6
Q

What can descending commands modify?

A

Motor activity elicited by afferent input

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7
Q

What is the following a definition of?

Inhibition of antagnoist muscles during agnoist contraction

A

Reciprocal inhibition

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8
Q

How is reciprocal inhibition accomplished?

A

By interneurons in spinal cord that link LMN into functional groups

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9
Q

What happens when muscle spindles within the muscle send signals into the spinal cord?

A

Activates interneurons that inhibit the LMN of the antagnoist

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10
Q

Recicprocal inhibition prevent ____ of ____ muscles when agnoist is reflexively activated

A

activation; antagnoist

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11
Q

Activity in collateral branch from Type 1A afferents stimulates what?

A

Interneruons to inhibit the alpha efferent to antagonist in order to prevent antagnoist stretch reflex

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12
Q

Why is recriprocal inhibition occasionally suppressed?

A

To allow contraction of antagnoists

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13
Q

What is the following a definition of?

Has effects opposite to those of recirprocal inhibition; inhibition of agnoists and syngerists occur with disinhibition of antagnoists

A

Recurrent inhibition

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14
Q
A
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14
Q

What are Renshaw cells?

A

Interneurons that produce recurrent inhibition

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15
Q

How are Renshaw Cells stimulated?

A

By a recurrent collateral branch from the alpha motor neuron

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16
Q

What is the following a definition of?

Side branch of an axon that turns back toward its own cell

A

Recurrent collateral branch

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17
Q

What do Renshaw Cells inhibit?

A

Inhibit the same alpha motor neuron that gives rises to the collateral branch and alpha motor neurons of synergists

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18
Q

What do Renshaw cells focus on?

A

Motor Activity

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19
Q

Loss of what on renshaw cell activity may cause difficulty in achieving fine motor control?

A

Loss of descending influence

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20
Q

What is the following a definition of?

Coordinated muscle action consisting of functionally linked muscles that are constrained by the CNS to act cooperativley to produce an intended motor action

A

Muscle synergy

21
Q

What are the 3 functions of muscle syngergies?

A
  • Simplify control
  • reduce or constrain degrees of freedom
  • initiate coordinated patterns of movement
22
Q

Why are syngergies combined?

A

To produce appropriate sequence of muscle actions required for a functional task

23
Q

How do Type II afferents contribute to synergies?

A

By delivering information to spinal cord neurons from tonic recpetors in:
- muscle spindles
- certain joint receptors
- cutaneous and subcutaneous touch and pressure receptors

24
Q

Interneurons excited by Type II afferents project where?

A

to lower motor neurons

25
Q

What is the following a defintion of?

Spinal cord creates a complete proprioceptive model of the body in time and space

A

Schema

26
Q

What is nonconscious schema used to do?

A

Plan and adapt movements

27
Q

What provides proprioceptive input required to generate body schema?

A
  • joint capsule & ligaments
  • muscle spindle receptors
  • golgi tendon organs
28
Q
A
29
Q

Why is the body schema important?

A

Esstential for adapting movements to the enviroment, based on proprioceptive feedback

30
Q

How do Golgi Tendon Organs contribute to proprioception?

A

By registering tendon tension

31
Q

Which afferents is the information from the GTO conveyed by?

GTO: Golgi Tendon Organ

A

Type IB afferents

32
Q

What is the role of the GTO in movement?

A

Adjust muscle contraction in synce with other proprioceptive signals and motor signals from the brain

33
Q

What is the following a defintion of?

Consists of adaptable neural networks made up of spinal interneurons that activate LMN eliciting repetitive, rhythmic, alternating flexion and extension movements of hip and knees

A

Stepping Pattern Generator

34
Q

What is cortical control required for?

A

Direct ankle DF

35
Q

What are cerebellar and basal ganglia control needed for?

A

Prevent unwanted movements and to coordinate movements

36
Q

What are UMN signals from the brainstem required for?

A

To maintain postural control during walking

37
Q

What is the following a defintion of?

Involuntary motor response to an external stimulus

A

Reflex

38
Q

What is the following a defintion of?

Allows for rapid and ongoing adjustment of posture in response to stimuli from within the muscle and environment

A

Spinal Reflex

39
Q

What do Spinal Reflexes involve?

A
  • receptor
  • afferent limb
  • one or more synapses
  • efferent limb
  • effector
40
Q

Spinal reflexes are able to operate without what?

A

Brain input

41
Q

What is the following a defintion of?

Muscle contraction in response to quick stretch

A

Phasic stretch reflex

42
Q

Quick muscle stretch acitivates signals from what?

A

From muscle spindles to alpha motor neurons of the same muscle

43
Q

How is the stretch reflex examined?

A

Deep tendon reflex testing by a quick tap

44
Q

What does quick stretch stimulate?

A

Primary ending of the spindles

45
Q

What is the following a proccess of?

  • Type IA afferent transmit ation potential to spinal cord and release neurotransmitter to synapse with alpha motor neuron
  • alpha motor neuron depolarizes
  • action potentials propage to neuromuscular junction
  • ACh is released and binds with receptors on muscle membrane
  • muscle membrane depolarizes
  • muscle fibers contract
A

Process of Phasic Stretch Reflex

46
Q

What type of reflex is the quick phasic response?

A

Monosynpatic reflex

47
Q

Why is the quick phasic reponse to stretch a monosynpactic reflex?

A

Only one synapse between afferent and efferent neurons

48
Q

Where is the circuitry responsible for withdrawal reflex located?

A

Within spinal cord

49
Q

What is the following a definition of?

Specificity of the movement pattern

A

Local sign

50
Q

If one is standing when one lower limb is abruptly withdrawn, another interneuronal circuit quickly adjusts the muscle activity. What is this called?

A

Crossed extension reflex

Clinical Neuroscience (22 decks)

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