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Clinical Neuroscience > Motor Examination > Flashcards

Motor Examination Flashcards

1
Q

Primary impairments can affect what?

A
  • motor
  • sensory/perceptual
  • cognitive/behavioral systems
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2
Q

What are secodonary impairments?

A

Not a direct result of nervous system lesion
develops as a result of the orignal problem

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3
Q

What does a motor examination consist of?

A
  • muscle strength
  • muscle tone
  • voluntary movement
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4
Q

Why would muscles be hypertrophied?

A

Due to overuse or specific to some neurlogic disorders

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5
Q

Why would muscles be atrophied?

A

secondary to weakness, inactivity, or tissue destruction

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6
Q

What does asymmetry in muscle size suggest?

A

unilateral problem such as mononeuropathy or stroke

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7
Q

What does bilateral changes in muscle size suggest?

A

Associated with systemtic disorder such as MS or Parkinson’s disease

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8
Q

What are the components of motor examination? (6)

A
  • muscle bulk
  • muscle tone
  • selective motor control
  • muscle strength
  • muscle endurance
  • motor coordination
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9
Q

Muscles that look flat or concave indicate what?

A

Muscle atrophy

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10
Q

How do hypotonic muscles feel?

A

soft and flabby

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11
Q

How do hypertonic muscles feel?

A

Taut and harder than normal

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12
Q

What test has this purpose?

  • muscles are inspected for bulk and fasciculations and when inidcated palpated for tenderness, consistency, and contractures
  • looking for disparity in muscle size
A

Muscle bulk

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13
Q

In muscle bulk test more severe atrophy indicates what?

A

LMN lesion (nuerogenic atrophy)

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14
Q

In muscle bulk test less severe atrophy indicates what?

A

UMN lesion or disuse

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15
Q

Muscle tone examination consists of what two things?

A

Resting posture and passive motion testing

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16
Q

In muscle tone examination passive motion testing reveal what type of information?

A

Responsiveness of muscles to stretch

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17
Q

What do these following factors influence?

  • volitional effort and movement
  • anxiexy and pain
  • position and interaction of tonic reflexes
  • medications
  • general health
  • ambient temperature
  • state of CNS arousal or altertness
A

Factors influencing the state of muscle tone

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18
Q

Why is the optimal positioning of muscle tone supine?

A

Test should be examined when there is absence of voluntary control

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19
Q

What is the following tonic neck reflex called?

Head rotation to the right or left resulting in limbs on the nose side extend and the limbs on the skull side to flex

A

asymmetric tonic neck reflex

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20
Q

What is the following tonic neck reflex called?

Flexion of the upper limbs and extension of the lower limbs when neck is flexed and the opposite pattern in the limbs when the neck is extended

A

Symmetric tonic reflex

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21
Q

What is the following tonic neck reflex called?

tilting the head back or forward

A

Tonic labyrinthine reflex

22
Q

In tonic labyrinthine reflex what happens when the head is titled backwards

A

Causes flexion of the upper limbs and extension of the lower limbs

23
Q

In tonic labyrinthine reflex what happens when the head is tilted forward

A

Elicits extension of the upper limbs and flexion of the lower limbs

24
Q

Where should the hand placement of testing ROM and muscle tone be?

A

Bony prominences and avoid contact with muscles

25
Q

What position are spastic lower extremities held in when in supine position?

A

Held in extension, adduction with PF, and inversion

26
Q

When in supine if lower limbs appear floppy and lifeless (abducted and ER) what does this indicate?

A

Hyptonicity

27
Q

How is muscle tone tested?

A

Passively elongated the target muscle at both slow and fast velocities

28
Q

What do hypertonic muscle tone limbs feel like?

A

stiff and resistant to movement

29
Q

What do flaccid muscle tone limbs feel like?

A

heavy and unresponsive

30
Q

In a spastic limb resistance may be near normal when slowly moved but what happens when limb is moved faster

A

Resistance increases

31
Q

What type of muscle resistance to passive elongation is this?

complete absence of resistance to elongation

A

Flaccid

32
Q

What type of muscle resistance to passive elongation is this?

decreased resistance to elongation

A

Hyptonia

33
Q

What type of muscle resistance to passive elongation is this?

mild and appropriate resistance to elongation

A

Normal

34
Q

What type of muscle resistance to passive elongation is this?

  • increased resistance to elongation with faster stretch
  • more predominant on one side of the effected joints
  • both agnoists/antagonists
  • more obvious toward end range when muscle is on max stretch
A

Spastic hypertonia

35
Q

What type of muscle resistance to passive elongation is this?

  • increases resistance to elongation that does not increase with slow or faster stretch
  • present both sides of the joint thorughout the range
  • cogwheel or leadpipe
A

Rigid hypertonia

36
Q

What is the interpretation of resting muscle tone testing

A
  • differentiates between UMN and LMN
  • Help differentiate between hypertonia, normal, and hyptonia
37
Q

What is the interpretation of rigidity testing?

A
  • feeling constant resistance of speed and direction
  • cogwheel rigidty and leadpipe rigidity
38
Q

What rigidity testing interpretation is the following?

tension in a muscle that gives way in little jerks when the muscle is passivley stretched

A

Cogwheel rigidity

39
Q

What rigidity testing interpretation is the following?

‘smooth’ rigidy in flexion & extension that continues through the entire end range of a stretched muscle

A

Lead pipe rigidity

40
Q

What is this scale?

used to assess muscle spasticity in pt with lesions of the CNS and is commonly used in many rehab facilites

A

Modified Ashworth Scale

41
Q

What test is the following an interpretation of?

  • higher the number on the MAS the greater the degree of spasticity
  • excessive resistance to velocity-dependent stretch may be a sign of UMN
A

Modifed Ashworth Scale

42
Q

Pt with UMN lesions may have impaired what?

A

Selective movement

43
Q

What type of selective motor control movement is this?

voluntarily activiating only the intended specific muscle groups without any extraneous or unintended movements at releated joints

A

Isolated movement

44
Q

What type of selective motor control movement is this?

ability of the pt to move the target joint through very small fragements of the avaiable range

A

Fractionated movement

45
Q

What is the following a defintion of?

smooth, steady and flowing continuously withouth disruptions, jerks, spurts or starts throughout entire range of AROM

A

Conrolled movement

46
Q

What is it called when a pt has an inability to isolate movement at a joint?

A

Abnormal muscle synergy

47
Q

What is the interpretation of UE & LE sidelying synergy test

A

Degree of impaired selective movement

48
Q

What is the interpretatin of UE myotomes (list C5-T1 actions)

A
  • weakness may indicated spinal nerve root lesion at specific nerve root levels
  • C5: Elbow flexion
  • C6: Wrist extension
  • C7: Elbow Extension
  • C8: Finger Flexion
  • T1: Finger Abduction
49
Q

What is the interpretation of LE mytomes? (list L2-S1 actions)

A
  • Weakness may indicate spinal nerve root lesion at specific spinal nerve root levels
  • L2: Hip Flexion
  • L3: Knee Extension
  • L4: Ankle DF
  • L5: Great Toe Extension
  • S1: Planter Flexion
50
Q

What is the following a defintion of?

capacity of a muscle to sustain forces or to generate forces repeatedly over time

A

Muscle endurance

51
Q

What is the following a defintion of?

decline in muscle performance resulting from prolonged or sustainted use of the target muscle group

A

muscle fatigue

Clinical Neuroscience (22 decks)

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