Neurodevelopment disorders Flashcards
What are the 6 common factors for developing neurodevelopmental disorders
- genetic abnormalites
- exposure to teratogens
- nutritional defieiecies
- deprivation
- trauma
- infections
What is nature?
Things we are born with
What is nurture?
prenatal, perinatal and postnatal environment
What are these factors of?
- nutritional defiences, exposure to teratogen
Prenatal factors
What are these factors of?
- preterm birth, birth weight or small for gestational age
Perinatal factors
What are these factors of?
opportunity to learn and practice skill, exposure to pollutants, inadequate nurture and bonding, parental and child-rearing practices
Postnatal factors
When is CNS more susceptible to malformations?
Day 14 - week 20 gestation
When is incidence for distrubtion in cellular proliferation is at its highest?
3 - 4 months of gestation
When is interference in neural migration process is the greatest?
3 - 5 months
When could there be disruption in the organization process?
5 months to early childhood
When is the peak time for interuptions in myelination processes
3 years old
When do the following disorders form?
- Anencephaly
- Arnold-Chiari Malformations
- Spina Bifida Occulta
- Spina Bifida Aperta
Neural Tube Formation
When do the following disorders form?
- Fetal Alchohol Syndrome
- Cocaine-Affected Nervous System
Cellular Proliferation
When do the following disorders form?
- Lissencephaly
- Heterotopia
- Seizures
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Neuronal Migration
When do the following disorders form?
- Intellectual Disability
- Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
- Cerebral Palsy
- Developmental Coordination Disorder
- ASD
Organization
When do the following disorders form?
- Leukodystorphies
- ASD
Myelination
When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?
- Neural tube disorders
- chromosomal disorders
- drugs
- chemicals
- TORCH infections
0 - 6+ weeks gestation
When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?
- neurocutaneous syndromes and maternal problems
- diabetes
- toxemia
- multiple pregancies
- placental dysfunction
1 Month Gestation to Birth
When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?
- prematurity
- trauma
- aspiration
Perinatal
When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?
- progressive encephalopathies
- infections
- trauma
- childhood nervous system turmor
- complications of spina bifida aperta
Postnatal
What is this neural tube disorder?
Abnormal development of the spinal cord and surrounding nerves and vertebrae
Spina Bifida
What neural tube disorder is this?
Malformation of the spinal cord open to the surface of the body
Myeloschisis
What is spina bifida’s associated cause?
Maternal nutrtional deficits in folic acid
What neural disorder has these structure/function abnormalities?
- CSF-filled cysts not covered in skin and contain meninges, spinal cord, nerve roots that protrude out of spinal canal through dorsal bony defect
- hydrocephallus, tethered cord syndrome, brainstem and cerebellar malformation
Myelomeningoele
What neural tube disorder is this?
Neural tube does not protrude through bony defect
Spina Bifida Occulta
What is the developmental process disturbance for Myelomenngoele?
impaired neurulation
What neural tube disorder is this?
Neural tissue (spinal cord and nerve roots) and meninges protrude through bony defect
Myelomeningocele
What neural disorder has these deficits?
- intellectual disability, lack of bladder and bowel control
- impaired or absent sensation
- deficit in timing and coordination of movements of UE and trunk
- paresis of lower trunk
Myelomeningoele
What neural disorder has these etiology?
maternal nutritional deficits (lacks folic acid)
Myelomeningoele
Why is overproduction and elimination of neurons necessary for brain connectivty?
Optimizes brain function
What is abnormal quantity of cells in cortex?
Abnormal Gyri
What is gray matter is displaced into deep cerebral white matter
Heterotopia
What is poor muscle tone and motor function, seizures, developmental delays, intellectual disability, mircocephaly and feeding difficulties
Lissencephally
What neuronal disorder has these characteristics?
- extra chromosome 47 vs 46
- neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary pathologies
- intellectual disabilities and global developmental delays
Down Syndrome
What neuronal disorder has these developmental process disturbances?
- impaired cell proliferation, migration, axonal and dendritic growth, synapogenesis, myelination
Down Syndrome
What neuronal disorder has these Structure/Function Abnormalities?
- reduced brain weight and volume in amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, frontal and temporal lobes, smaller brain convolutions, microcephaly, microbrachycephaly
- decreased production of nervous, smaller neurons altered synaptic morphology, structural abnormalities in dendritic spines in pyramidal tracts of motor cortex
- delayed myelination averaging 12 months
Down Syndrome
What neuronal disorder has these deficits?
- impairments in executive function, declarative memory, learning, low muscle tone, postural control issues and delays in motor and language development
Down Syndrome
What neuronal disorder has these etiology?
- abnormal cell divsion resulting in extra genetic material from chromsome 21
Down Syndrome
What neuronal disorder has these characteristics?
- impaired social interaction
- impaired communication
- restricted interests
- repetitive behaviors
Autism Spectrum Disorder
What neuronal disorder has these developmental process disturbances?
- atypical brain organization
- abnormal neurogenesis, cell proliferation, migration, cell fate
- abnormal synaptogensis
- imbalance excitatory and inhibitory neurons
Autism Spectrum Disorder
What neuronal disorder has these structure/function abnormalities?
- disorganized arrangement of cells in prefrontal and temporal cortex
- abnormal communications/connections among cerebral areas
- increased gray matter volume in frontal lobe and temporal cortexes
- larger than normal amygdala during childhood, doesn’t persist in adolesence
- abnormally strong connection of sensory cortex’s and the amygdala
- greater than normal amount of synapses from lack of pruning
Autism Spectrum Disorder
What neuronal disorder has these deficits?
- impaired cognition, social use of language, working memory
- under- and over- responsive to stimuli and seek repetitve sensory stimuli
- autonomic dsyfunctions associated with anxiety, depression, and stress
- motor deficits
AutAutism Spectrum Disorder
What neuronal disorder has this etiology
- genetics, epigenetic, environmental factors
- heritability is 90%
- increase risk associated with older patients conception, maternal obesity, and preterm birth
Autism Spectrum Disorder
What are neuronal disorder has this characteristic?
- movement and postural behavior
- permanent, nonprogressive damage to developing brain, abnormal brain development occuring prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal to 2 years old
Cerebral Palsy
What neuronal disorder has this developmental process disturbances?
- interferes with organization processes due to lesion interrupting axons descending from the cerebrum to the spinal cord
- eliminates competition for synaptic sites during critical periods inappropriate connections and abnormal development of spinal motor centers
- defiency in descending control
Cerebral Palsy
What neuronal disorder has these stucture/function abnormalities
- brain atrophy impacting cerebral cortex, subcortical structures, and axons adjacnet to the lateral ventricle
- abnormalities of the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum
Cerebral Palsy
What neuronal disorder has these deficits?
- abnormal muscle tone (hypertonia, hypotonia)
- abnormal movements: ataxia, dyskinesia
- somatosensory impairments, pain, incontinence, impaired eye movements and vision, intellectual disability, language deficits, seizures
- gait dysfunction, impaired motor skills, paresis
Cerebral Palsy
What neuronal disorder has this etiology?
- abnormal development in utero, metabolic abnormalities, disorders of the immune system, coagulation disorders, infection, trauma or rarely hypoxia
Cerebral Palsy
What type of cerebral palsy is this?
very low muscle tone, impaired ability or inability to move; lesion of upper motor neurons
Hypotonic
What type of cerebral palsy is this?
Paresis, muscle shortening, increased muscle resistance to movement; lesions of upper motor neurons
Spastic
What type of cerebral palsy is this?
slow, writhing movements, jerky movementsm and/or sustained involuntary postures; basal ganglia abnormalites
Dykinetic
What type of cerebral palsy is this?
incoordination, shaking during voluntary movements; thalamic and cerebellar abnormalities
Ataxic
When does delayed maturation of neuronal and glia cells occur
apenic, ischemic, and inflammatory events during preterm
What is associated with cognitive, motor and emotional development and reduced social skills during childhood
alteration of white matter
What is group of rare, progessive, metabolic, genetic diseases that affect brain, spinal cord and after peripheral nerves
Leukodystrophies
What is delayed loss of function?
Growing into deficit
