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Clinical Neuroscience > Neurodevelopment disorders > Flashcards

Neurodevelopment disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 common factors for developing neurodevelopmental disorders

A
  • genetic abnormalites
  • exposure to teratogens
  • nutritional defieiecies
  • deprivation
  • trauma
  • infections
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2
Q

What is nature?

A

Things we are born with

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

What is nurture?

A

prenatal, perinatal and postnatal environment

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5
Q

What are these factors of?

  • nutritional defiences, exposure to teratogen
A

Prenatal factors

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6
Q

What are these factors of?

  • preterm birth, birth weight or small for gestational age
A

Perinatal factors

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7
Q

What are these factors of?

opportunity to learn and practice skill, exposure to pollutants, inadequate nurture and bonding, parental and child-rearing practices

A

Postnatal factors

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8
Q

When is CNS more susceptible to malformations?

A

Day 14 - week 20 gestation

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9
Q

When is incidence for distrubtion in cellular proliferation is at its highest?

A

3 - 4 months of gestation

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10
Q

When is interference in neural migration process is the greatest?

A

3 - 5 months

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11
Q

When could there be disruption in the organization process?

A

5 months to early childhood

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12
Q

When is the peak time for interuptions in myelination processes

A

3 years old

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13
Q

When do the following disorders form?

  • Anencephaly
  • Arnold-Chiari Malformations
  • Spina Bifida Occulta
  • Spina Bifida Aperta
A

Neural Tube Formation

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14
Q

When do the following disorders form?

  • Fetal Alchohol Syndrome
  • Cocaine-Affected Nervous System
A

Cellular Proliferation

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15
Q

When do the following disorders form?

  • Lissencephaly
  • Heterotopia
  • Seizures
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
A

Neuronal Migration

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16
Q

When do the following disorders form?

  • Intellectual Disability
  • Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
  • Cerebral Palsy
  • Developmental Coordination Disorder
  • ASD
A

Organization

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17
Q

When do the following disorders form?

  • Leukodystorphies
  • ASD
A

Myelination

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18
Q

When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?

  • Neural tube disorders
  • chromosomal disorders
  • drugs
  • chemicals
  • TORCH infections
A

0 - 6+ weeks gestation

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19
Q

When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?

  • neurocutaneous syndromes and maternal problems
  • diabetes
  • toxemia
  • multiple pregancies
  • placental dysfunction
A

1 Month Gestation to Birth

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20
Q

When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?

  • prematurity
  • trauma
  • aspiration
A

Perinatal

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21
Q

When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?

  • progressive encephalopathies
  • infections
  • trauma
  • childhood nervous system turmor
  • complications of spina bifida aperta
A

Postnatal

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22
Q

What is this neural tube disorder?

Abnormal development of the spinal cord and surrounding nerves and vertebrae

A

Spina Bifida

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23
Q

What neural tube disorder is this?

Malformation of the spinal cord open to the surface of the body

A

Myeloschisis

23
Q

What is spina bifida’s associated cause?

A

Maternal nutrtional deficits in folic acid

23
Q

What neural disorder has these structure/function abnormalities?

  • CSF-filled cysts not covered in skin and contain meninges, spinal cord, nerve roots that protrude out of spinal canal through dorsal bony defect
  • hydrocephallus, tethered cord syndrome, brainstem and cerebellar malformation
A

Myelomeningoele

23
Q

What neural tube disorder is this?

Neural tube does not protrude through bony defect

A

Spina Bifida Occulta

23
Q

What is the developmental process disturbance for Myelomenngoele?

A

impaired neurulation

23
Q

What neural tube disorder is this?

Neural tissue (spinal cord and nerve roots) and meninges protrude through bony defect

A

Myelomeningocele

23
Q

What neural disorder has these deficits?

  • intellectual disability, lack of bladder and bowel control
  • impaired or absent sensation
  • deficit in timing and coordination of movements of UE and trunk
  • paresis of lower trunk
A

Myelomeningoele

24
Q

What neural disorder has these etiology?

maternal nutritional deficits (lacks folic acid)

A

Myelomeningoele

25
Q

Why is overproduction and elimination of neurons necessary for brain connectivty?

A

Optimizes brain function

26
Q

What is abnormal quantity of cells in cortex?

A

Abnormal Gyri

27
Q

What is gray matter is displaced into deep cerebral white matter

A

Heterotopia

28
Q

What is poor muscle tone and motor function, seizures, developmental delays, intellectual disability, mircocephaly and feeding difficulties

A

Lissencephally

29
Q

What neuronal disorder has these characteristics?

  • extra chromosome 47 vs 46
  • neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary pathologies
  • intellectual disabilities and global developmental delays
A

Down Syndrome

30
Q

What neuronal disorder has these developmental process disturbances?

  • impaired cell proliferation, migration, axonal and dendritic growth, synapogenesis, myelination
A

Down Syndrome

31
Q

What neuronal disorder has these Structure/Function Abnormalities?

  • reduced brain weight and volume in amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, frontal and temporal lobes, smaller brain convolutions, microcephaly, microbrachycephaly
  • decreased production of nervous, smaller neurons altered synaptic morphology, structural abnormalities in dendritic spines in pyramidal tracts of motor cortex
  • delayed myelination averaging 12 months
A

Down Syndrome

32
Q

What neuronal disorder has these deficits?

  • impairments in executive function, declarative memory, learning, low muscle tone, postural control issues and delays in motor and language development
A

Down Syndrome

33
Q

What neuronal disorder has these etiology?

  • abnormal cell divsion resulting in extra genetic material from chromsome 21
A

Down Syndrome

34
Q

What neuronal disorder has these characteristics?

  • impaired social interaction
  • impaired communication
  • restricted interests
  • repetitive behaviors
A

Autism Spectrum Disorder

35
Q

What neuronal disorder has these developmental process disturbances?

  • atypical brain organization
  • abnormal neurogenesis, cell proliferation, migration, cell fate
  • abnormal synaptogensis
  • imbalance excitatory and inhibitory neurons
A

Autism Spectrum Disorder

36
Q

What neuronal disorder has these structure/function abnormalities?

  • disorganized arrangement of cells in prefrontal and temporal cortex
  • abnormal communications/connections among cerebral areas
  • increased gray matter volume in frontal lobe and temporal cortexes
  • larger than normal amygdala during childhood, doesn’t persist in adolesence
  • abnormally strong connection of sensory cortex’s and the amygdala
  • greater than normal amount of synapses from lack of pruning
A

Autism Spectrum Disorder

37
Q

What neuronal disorder has these deficits?

  • impaired cognition, social use of language, working memory
  • under- and over- responsive to stimuli and seek repetitve sensory stimuli
  • autonomic dsyfunctions associated with anxiety, depression, and stress
  • motor deficits
A

AutAutism Spectrum Disorder

38
Q

What neuronal disorder has this etiology

  • genetics, epigenetic, environmental factors
  • heritability is 90%
  • increase risk associated with older patients conception, maternal obesity, and preterm birth
A

Autism Spectrum Disorder

39
Q

What are neuronal disorder has this characteristic?

  • movement and postural behavior
  • permanent, nonprogressive damage to developing brain, abnormal brain development occuring prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal to 2 years old
A

Cerebral Palsy

40
Q

What neuronal disorder has this developmental process disturbances?

  • interferes with organization processes due to lesion interrupting axons descending from the cerebrum to the spinal cord
  • eliminates competition for synaptic sites during critical periods inappropriate connections and abnormal development of spinal motor centers
  • defiency in descending control
A

Cerebral Palsy

41
Q

What neuronal disorder has these stucture/function abnormalities

  • brain atrophy impacting cerebral cortex, subcortical structures, and axons adjacnet to the lateral ventricle
  • abnormalities of the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum
A

Cerebral Palsy

42
Q

What neuronal disorder has these deficits?

  • abnormal muscle tone (hypertonia, hypotonia)
  • abnormal movements: ataxia, dyskinesia
  • somatosensory impairments, pain, incontinence, impaired eye movements and vision, intellectual disability, language deficits, seizures
  • gait dysfunction, impaired motor skills, paresis
A

Cerebral Palsy

43
Q

What neuronal disorder has this etiology?

  • abnormal development in utero, metabolic abnormalities, disorders of the immune system, coagulation disorders, infection, trauma or rarely hypoxia
A

Cerebral Palsy

44
Q

What type of cerebral palsy is this?

very low muscle tone, impaired ability or inability to move; lesion of upper motor neurons

A

Hypotonic

45
Q

What type of cerebral palsy is this?

Paresis, muscle shortening, increased muscle resistance to movement; lesions of upper motor neurons

A

Spastic

46
Q

What type of cerebral palsy is this?

slow, writhing movements, jerky movementsm and/or sustained involuntary postures; basal ganglia abnormalites

A

Dykinetic

47
Q

What type of cerebral palsy is this?

incoordination, shaking during voluntary movements; thalamic and cerebellar abnormalities

A

Ataxic

48
Q

When does delayed maturation of neuronal and glia cells occur

A

apenic, ischemic, and inflammatory events during preterm

49
Q

What is associated with cognitive, motor and emotional development and reduced social skills during childhood

A

alteration of white matter

50
Q

What is group of rare, progessive, metabolic, genetic diseases that affect brain, spinal cord and after peripheral nerves

A

Leukodystrophies

51
Q

What is delayed loss of function?

A

Growing into deficit

Clinical Neuroscience (22 decks)

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