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Anatomy > Upper Limb 1 - Axilla, Neurovascular, Dermatomes, Pectoral Girdle & Rotator Cuff Muscles > Flashcards

Upper Limb 1 - Axilla, Neurovascular, Dermatomes, Pectoral Girdle & Rotator Cuff Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Which muscles make up the anterior wall of the axilla?

A

Pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

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2
Q

Which muscles make up the posterior wall of the axilla?

A

Subscapularis

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3
Q

Which muscles make up the medial wall of the axilla?

A

Thoracic wall

Serratus anterior

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4
Q

What forms the lateral wall of the axilla?

A

Intertubercular groove of Humerus

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5
Q

What are the contents of the axilla?

A

Axillary artery

Axillary vein

Brachial plexus

Biceps brachii

Coracobrachialis

Axilliary lymph nodes

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6
Q

Which artery is the axilla artery a continuation of?

A

Subclavian artery

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7
Q

At what anatomical point does the axillary artery begin?

A

Edge of 1st rib

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8
Q

What is the name of the axillary artery once is leaves the axilla and passes the teres major muscle?

A

Brachial artery

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9
Q

At what anatomical point does the name of the brachial artery change?

A

Cubital fossa

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10
Q

When there is an infection of the upper limb, what group of lymph nodes become enlarged?

A

Axillary lymph nodes

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11
Q

The brachial plexus is formed from the ventral rami of which nerve roots?

A

C5,6,7,8 and T1

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12
Q

Which nerve roots form the upper trunk?

A

C5 and C6

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13
Q

Which nerve roots form the middle trunk?

A

C7

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14
Q

Which nerve roots form the lower trunk?

A

C8 and T1

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15
Q

What is Erb’s point and what is its clinical relevance?

A

Erb’s point - a point found on the upper trunk of the brachial plexus, 2-3cm above the clavicle

Clinical relevance - Commonly damaged during chilbirth or falling onto the shoulder

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16
Q

What condition does damage to Erb’s point/upper trunk cause?

A

Erb’s palsy/waiters tip appearance

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17
Q

What muscles are affected in Erb’s palsy?

A

1 - Supraspinatus

2 - Infraspinatus

3 - Subclavius

4 - Biceps brachii

5 - Brachialis

6 - Coracobrachialis

7 - Deltoid

8 - Teres minor

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18
Q

What clinical condition results from damage to the lower trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

Klumpke’s palsy

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19
Q

What muscles are affected by Klumpke’s palsy?

A

Intrinsic muscle of hand

Ulnar flexors of wrist and fingers

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20
Q

In relation to which vessel are the cords of the brachial plexus named?

A

Axillary artery

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21
Q

What are the names of the cords of the brachial plexus?

A

Lateral

Posterior

Medial

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22
Q

What divisions form the cords of the brachial plexus?

A

Lateral cord - anterior division of superior trunk and anterior division of median trunk

Posterior cord - posterior divisions of superior, middle and inferior trunks

Medial cord - anterior division of inferior trunk

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23
Q

What are the major arteries of the upper arm?

A

Subclavian artery

Axillary artery

Brachial artery

Ulnar artery

Radial artery

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24
Q

What are the major veins of the upper arm?

A

Cephalic vein

Basilic vein

Median cubital vein (connects cephalic and basilic veins)

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25
Q

What is the clinical significance of the veins of the upper limb?

A

They are used for IV injections and drawing blood for testing

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26
Q

At their distal end, from which structure do the cephalic and basilic veins arise?

A

Dorsal venous arch

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27
Q

Between which 2 veins does the median cubital vein shunt blood?

A

Cephalic and basillic vein

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28
Q

Which dermatomal level innervates the thumb?

A

C6

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29
Q

Which dermatomal level innervates the index and middle finger?

A

C7

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30
Q

Which dermatomal level innervates the ring and little finger?

A

C8

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31
Q

If an area of the upper limb becomes infected, to where is the most likely location the lymphatic fluid will drain?

A

Axillary lymph nodes

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32
Q

If there is an infection of the little finger of the upper limb, to which group of lymph nodes would the infection spread?

A

Axillary

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33
Q

If there is a boil on the scapular region, to which group of lymph nodes would the infection spread?

A

Axillary

34
Q

If there was cancer in the medial part of the breast, to which group of lymph nodes would the cancer likely spread?

A

Internal thoracic (mammary)

35
Q

If there was cancer in the lateral part of the breast, to which group of lymph nodes would the cancer most likely spread?

A

Axillary

36
Q

If there was an infection of the skin just above the umbilicus, to which group of lymph nodes would the infection most likely spread to?

A

Axillary

37
Q

If there was an infection of the skin just below the umbilicus, to which group of lymph nodes would the infection most likely spread to?

A

Superficial inguinal

38
Q

At which joint does the upper limb articulate with the pectoral girdle?

A

Glenohumeral joint

39
Q

On which end of the clavicle is the conoid tubercle located? Humeral or sternal end?

A

Humeral/acromial end

40
Q

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Plane

41
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Saddle

42
Q

Which joints are involved in the movement of the pectoral girdle?

A

Acromioclavicular

Sternoclavicular

Glenohumeral

43
Q

What is the scapulo-humeral rhythm?

A

2:1

After the first 30 degrees of abduction of the arm, 2 degrees of movement occurs at the shoulder joint and 1 degree at the scapula-thoracic joint

44
Q

Which muscles are involved in elevation of the scapula?

A

Trapezius

Levator Scapulae

Serratus Anterior

45
Q

Which muscles are involved in depression of the scapula?

A

Latissimus dorsi

Pectoralis Major

Pectoralis Minor

46
Q

Which muscles are involved in protraction of the scapula?

A

Levator scapulae

Serratus Anterior

47
Q

Which muscles are involved in retraction of the scapula?

A

Trapezius

Rhomboids

Latissimus Dorsi

48
Q

What type of joint is the gleno-humeral joint?

A

Ball and socket synovial joint

49
Q

What are the components of the gleno-humeral joint?

A

Head of Humerus

Glenoid cavity of Scapula

50
Q

What is the name of the cartilage surrounding the joint?

A

Glenoid labrum

51
Q

What is the function of the glenoid labrum?

A

It deepens the glenoid cavity, therefore reducing the chances of shoulder dislocation

52
Q

What are the ligaments that stabilise the shoulder joint?

A

Coracohumeral ligament

Coracoacromial ligament

Glenohumeral ligament

53
Q

What structures provide cushioning to joints?

A

Bursae

54
Q

What common sporting injury damages the subacromial bursa?

A

Bursitis

55
Q

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

A

Infraspinatus

Supraspinatus

Subscapularis

Teres Minor

56
Q

What movements of the glenohumeral joint do the rotator cuff muscles perform?

A

Abduction

Lateral + medial rotation

57
Q

What is the most important role of the rotator cuff muscles?

A

To keep the humerus head within the glenoid fossa

58
Q

What action do the anterior fibres of the deltoid perform?

A

Flex at Shoulder

59
Q

What action do the middle fibres of the deltoid perform?

A

Abduction at shoulder joint

60
Q

What action do the posterior fibres of the deltoid perform?

A

Extend of the arm at the shoulder

61
Q

What nerve supplies the deltoid muscle?

A

Axillary nerve

62
Q

What common injury results in the axillary nerve becoming trapped and damaged?

A

Dislocation of the shoulder

63
Q

If the axillary nerve became damaged due to shoulder dislocation, where would you test for loss of sensation?

A

Test for loss of sensation over the deltoid muscle

64
Q

Where do the fibres of pectoralis major originate from?

A
  • Medial 1/3 of clavicle
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
65
Q

What are the actions of pectoralis major on the shoulder joint?

A

Adduct and medially rotate the humerus at glenohumeral joint

66
Q

Which vein (important for placement of central lines) is found within the deltopectoral triangle between deltoid and pectoralis major?

A

Cephalic vein

67
Q

What is the nerve supply of serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve

68
Q

What clinical sign is observed when the long thoracic nerve is damaged?

A

Winging of the Scapula

69
Q

During which procedure is the long thoracic nerve most commonly injured?

A

Lymph node biopsy

70
Q

What action do the superior fibres of the trapezius perform on the scapula?

A

Elevate and rotate Scapula

71
Q

What action do the middle fibres of the trapezius have on the scapula?

A

Retract scapula

72
Q

What action do the inferior fibres of the trapezius have on the scapula?

A

Depress the scapula

73
Q

Which nerve innervates the trapezius muscle?

A

Accessory nerve

74
Q

What are the actions of Teres Major on the shoulder joint?

A

Adducts shoulder and medially rotates arm

75
Q

What are the actions of latissimus dorsi on the shoulder joint?

A

Extends, adducts and medially rotates shoulder joint

76
Q

Which muscles perform flexion at the shoulder joint?

A

Pectoralis major

Anterior deltoid

Coracobrachialis

77
Q

Which muscles perform extension at the shoulder joint?

A

Posterior deltoid

Latissimus dorsi

78
Q

Which muscles perform adduction at the shoulder joint?

A

Pectoralis major

Lattisimus dorsi

Teres Major

79
Q

Which muscles perform abduction of the shoulder joint?

A

Supraspinatus (0-15 degrees)

Middle deltoid (15-90 degrees)

Trapezius and Serratus Anterior (>90 degrees)

80
Q

Which muscles perform internal rotation of the shoulder joint?

A

Subscapularis

Latissimus Dorsi

Pec major

Teres Major

81
Q

Which muscles perform lateral rotation at the shoulder joint?

A

Teres minor and infraspinatus

Anatomy (26 decks)

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