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Anatomy > The GI Tract > Flashcards

The GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus cross the diapghram?

A

T10

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2
Q

What other structures pass through the oesophageal opening?

A

1) Vagus nerve
2) Left inferior phrenic vessels
3) Left gastric artery

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3
Q

What is the blood supply of the abdominal oesohagus?

A

Left gastric artery and left inferior phrenic artery

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4
Q

What is the venous drainage of the abdominal oesophagus?

A

Drainage to:

Portal venous system - Left gastric artery

Systemic circulation - Azygos vein

These 2 drainage routes form an anastamosis between the portal and systemic venous systems

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5
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the abdominal oesophagus?

A

Upper 1/3 - Deep cervical lymph nodes

Middle 1/3 - Superior + posterior mediastinal nodes

Lower 1/3 - Left gastric + coeliac nodes

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6
Q

What are the 2 orifices of the stomach?

A

Pyloric sphincter

Lower oesophageal sphincter

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7
Q

What are the 2 curvatures of the stomach called?

A

Lesser and greater

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8
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the stomach called?

A

Anterior and posterior

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9
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Strong ring of smooth muscle

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10
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

It controls the exit of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum

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11
Q

From which layer of the gut tube is the pyloric sphincter formed?

A

Muscularis externa

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12
Q

What are the ruage of the stomach formed from?

A

Mucosa

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13
Q

Which structures does the stomach lie upon?

A
  • Body of pancreas
  • Spleen
  • Colon
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14
Q

Into which group of lymph nodes do the gastric lymphatics drain?

A

Pre-aortic

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15
Q

Stimulation of the vagus nerve will do what to pyloric sphincter and gastric secretion?

A

Pyloric sphincter - will be relaxed

Gastric secretion - will be increased

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16
Q

Which part of the small intestien receives bile and the opening of the pancreatic duct?

A

Duodenum

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17
Q

How is the small intestine peritonised?

A

Duodenum - retroperitonised

Jejunum - Intraperitoneal

Ileum - Intraperitoneal

18
Q

How can the jejunum and ileum be differentiated?

A

Jejunum - Red, thick, long & straight vasa recta, few arcades, less fat in mesentery

Ileum - Paler pink, thin, short vasa recta, many short loops of arcades, more fat in mesentery

Jejunum on left, Ileum on right

19
Q

What features differentiate the large intestine from the small intestine?

A

1) Larger diameter
2) Omental appendices (fat filled pouches)
3) Teniae Coli (3 strips of muscle)
4) When the Teniae Coli contract they form small saccules called Haustra

20
Q

How is the large intestine peritonised?

A

Caecum - Intraperitoneal

Ascending colon - Retroperitoneal

Transverse colon - Intraperitoneal

Descending colon - Retroperitoneal

Sigmoid colon - Intraperitoneal

21
Q

What 2 structures open into the caecum?

A

1) Ileum
2) Appendix

22
Q

What is McBurney’s point and why is it useful?

A

A point on the RHS of the abdomen which is 1/3 of the distance from ASIS to the Umbilicus

This point is the most common location of the base of the Appendix

23
Q

What is the arterial supply, venous drainage and peritonisation of the superior 1/3 of the rectum?

A

Arterial supply - Superior rectal artery

Venous drainage - Superior rectal vein

Peritonisation - Retroperitoneal

24
Q

What is the arterial supply, venous drainage and peritonisation of the middle 1/3 of the rectum?

A

Arterial supply - Middle rectal artery

Venous drainage - Middle rectal vein

Peritonisation - Anterior

25
Q

What is the arterial supply, venous drainage and peritonisation of the inferior 1/3 of the rectum?

A

Arterial supply - Inferior rectal artery

Venous drainage - Inferior rectal vein

Peritonisation - None

26
Q

What is the role of the pelvic floor in maintaining faecal continence?

A

Helps maintain intra-abdominal pressure

27
Q

What structures are involved in faecal continence?

A

Anal canal

Rectum

28
Q

What ligaments are part of the lesser omentum?

A

Hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments

29
Q

What is the falciform ligament and what structures lie within its free border?

A

The falciform ligament attaches the liver the anterior body wall

Within the free border of the falciform ligament are the round ligament and paraumbilical veins

30
Q

What structure within the free edge of the falciform ligament is remnant of an embryonic blood vessel?

A

Paraumbilical vein - Umbilical vein in embryo

31
Q

How many layers of peritoneum are present in the Greater Omentum?

A

4 layers of visceral peritoneum

32
Q

What are paracolic gutters?

A

Spaces between colon and abdominal wall

These spaces are important as they can allow infected fluids to travel between abdominal regions

33
Q

Where are the paracolic gutters found?

A

They are found alongside the ascending and descending colon

34
Q

What muscle types form the muscularis externa of the GI tract?

A

Skeletal and smooth

35
Q

What secretory cells are found within gastric pits?

A

Parietal and chief cells

36
Q

What are the histological features of the stomach?

A

Rugae

Chief cells

Parietal cells

Gastric pits

37
Q

What are the histological features of the small intestine?

A

Plicae circularis

Microvilli

38
Q

Where in the gut tube do glands extend down below the muscularis mucosa?

A

Oesophagus & duodenum

39
Q

What 2 horizontal lines help to divide the stomach into 9 regions?

A

Transpyloric plane

Transtubercular plane

40
Q

What structures does the transpyloric plane pass through?

A

Pylorus of stomach

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Kidneys

Spleen

Anatomy (26 decks)

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