The GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus cross the diapghram?

A

T10

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2
Q

What other structures pass through the oesophageal opening?

A

1) Vagus nerve
2) Left inferior phrenic vessels
3) Left gastric artery

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3
Q

What is the blood supply of the abdominal oesohagus?

A

Left gastric artery and left inferior phrenic artery

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4
Q

What is the venous drainage of the abdominal oesophagus?

A

Drainage to:

Portal venous system - Left gastric artery

Systemic circulation - Azygos vein

These 2 drainage routes form an anastamosis between the portal and systemic venous systems

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5
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the abdominal oesophagus?

A

Upper 1/3 - Deep cervical lymph nodes

Middle 1/3 - Superior + posterior mediastinal nodes

Lower 1/3 - Left gastric + coeliac nodes

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6
Q

What are the 2 orifices of the stomach?

A

Pyloric sphincter

Lower oesophageal sphincter

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7
Q

What are the 2 curvatures of the stomach called?

A

Lesser and greater

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8
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the stomach called?

A

Anterior and posterior

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9
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Strong ring of smooth muscle

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10
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

It controls the exit of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum

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11
Q

From which layer of the gut tube is the pyloric sphincter formed?

A

Muscularis externa

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12
Q

What are the ruage of the stomach formed from?

A

Mucosa

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13
Q

Which structures does the stomach lie upon?

A
  • Body of pancreas
  • Spleen
  • Colon
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14
Q

Into which group of lymph nodes do the gastric lymphatics drain?

A

Pre-aortic

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15
Q

Stimulation of the vagus nerve will do what to pyloric sphincter and gastric secretion?

A

Pyloric sphincter - will be relaxed

Gastric secretion - will be increased

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16
Q

Which part of the small intestien receives bile and the opening of the pancreatic duct?

A

Duodenum

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17
Q

How is the small intestine peritonised?

A

Duodenum - retroperitonised

Jejunum - Intraperitoneal

Ileum - Intraperitoneal

18
Q

How can the jejunum and ileum be differentiated?

A

Jejunum - Red, thick, long & straight vasa recta, few arcades, less fat in mesentery

Ileum - Paler pink, thin, short vasa recta, many short loops of arcades, more fat in mesentery

Jejunum on left, Ileum on right

19
Q

What features differentiate the large intestine from the small intestine?

A

1) Larger diameter
2) Omental appendices (fat filled pouches)
3) Teniae Coli (3 strips of muscle)
4) When the Teniae Coli contract they form small saccules called Haustra

20
Q

How is the large intestine peritonised?

A

Caecum - Intraperitoneal

Ascending colon - Retroperitoneal

Transverse colon - Intraperitoneal

Descending colon - Retroperitoneal

Sigmoid colon - Intraperitoneal

21
Q

What 2 structures open into the caecum?

A

1) Ileum
2) Appendix

22
Q

What is McBurney’s point and why is it useful?

A

A point on the RHS of the abdomen which is 1/3 of the distance from ASIS to the Umbilicus

This point is the most common location of the base of the Appendix

23
Q

What is the arterial supply, venous drainage and peritonisation of the superior 1/3 of the rectum?

A

Arterial supply - Superior rectal artery

Venous drainage - Superior rectal vein

Peritonisation - Retroperitoneal

24
Q

What is the arterial supply, venous drainage and peritonisation of the middle 1/3 of the rectum?

A

Arterial supply - Middle rectal artery

Venous drainage - Middle rectal vein

Peritonisation - Anterior

25
What is the arterial supply, venous drainage and peritonisation of the inferior 1/3 of the rectum?
Arterial supply - Inferior rectal artery Venous drainage - Inferior rectal vein Peritonisation - None
26
What is the role of the pelvic floor in maintaining faecal continence?
Helps maintain intra-abdominal pressure
27
What structures are involved in faecal continence?
Anal canal Rectum
28
What ligaments are part of the lesser omentum?
Hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments
29
What is the falciform ligament and what structures lie within its free border?
The falciform ligament attaches the liver the anterior body wall Within the free border of the falciform ligament are the round ligament and paraumbilical veins
30
What structure within the free edge of the falciform ligament is remnant of an embryonic blood vessel?
Paraumbilical vein - Umbilical vein in embryo
31
How many layers of peritoneum are present in the Greater Omentum?
4 layers of visceral peritoneum
32
What are paracolic gutters?
Spaces between colon and abdominal wall These spaces are important as they can allow infected fluids to travel between abdominal regions
33
Where are the paracolic gutters found?
They are found alongside the ascending and descending colon
34
What muscle types form the muscularis externa of the GI tract?
Skeletal and smooth
35
What secretory cells are found within gastric pits?
Parietal and chief cells
36
What are the histological features of the stomach?
Rugae Chief cells Parietal cells Gastric pits
37
What are the histological features of the small intestine?
Plicae circularis Microvilli
38
Where in the gut tube do glands extend down below the muscularis mucosa?
Oesophagus & duodenum
39
What 2 horizontal lines help to divide the stomach into 9 regions?
Transpyloric plane Transtubercular plane
40
What structures does the transpyloric plane pass through?
Pylorus of stomach Gallbladder Pancreas Kidneys Spleen