Lower Limb 2 - Pelvic Girdle, Sacral Plexus, Posterior Thigh, Knee Joint

Question 1

Which sciatic foramen is a route for structures entering and leaving the pelvis?

Answer 1

Greater sciatic foramen

Question 2

Which sciatic foramen is a route for structures entering or leaving the perineum?

Answer 2

Lesser sciatic foramen

Question 3

What are the 2 layers of muscles that the gluteal region can be divided into?

Answer 3

1 - Superficial

2 - Deep

Question 4

Which muscles make up the superficial layer in the gluteal region?

Answer 4

1 - Gluteus Maximus

2 - Gluteus Medius

3 - Gluteus Minimus

4 - Tensor Fascia Latae

Question 5

Which muscles make up the deep layer of muscles in the gluteal region?

Answer 5

1 - Piriformis

2 - Obturator Internus

3 - Superior & Inferior Gemelli

4 - Quadratus Femoris

Question 6

What is the Iliotibial tract?

Answer 6

A longitudinal part of the fascia lata that is thickened

Question 7

Where is the Iliotibial tract located?

Answer 7

Starts at the Iliac tubercle

Extends down to the lateral tibial condyle

Question 8

Which 2 muscles attach to the IT tract?

Answer 8

1 - Gluteus maximus

2 - Tensor fascia latae

Question 9

What are the actions of the gluteus maximus muscle?

Answer 9

1 - Extension

2 - Lateral rotation

Question 10

Which nerve innervates the gluteus maximus muscle?

Answer 10

Inferior gluteal nerve

Question 11

What is the action of gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia lata on the hip joint?

Answer 11

1 - Abduction

2 - Medial rotators

Question 12

Which nerve innervates the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia latae muscles?

Answer 12

Superior gluteal nerve

Question 13

What is the action of the deep muscles of the gluteal region on the hip joint?

Answer 13

1 - Abduction

2 - Lateral rotation

Question 14

Anterior to which pelvic muscle can the sacral plexus be found?

Answer 14

Piriformis

Question 15

Which nerve roots form the sacral plexus?

Answer 15

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4

Question 16

What are the 2 main branches of the sacral plexus?

Answer 16

Sciatic nerve

Pudendal nerve

Question 17

What are the root values of the superior gluteal nerve and what are the muscles supplied?

Answer 17

L4, L5, S1

Gluteus Medius

Gluteus Minimus

Tensor Fascia Latae

Question 18

What are the root values of the inferior gluteal nerve and which muscle(s) does it supply?

Answer 18

L5, S1, S2

Gluteus Maximus

Question 19

Inferior to which muscle does the sciatic nerve emerge into the gluteal region?

Answer 19

Piriformis

Question 20

What are the 2 terminal branches of the sciatic nerve?

Answer 20

1 - Tibial

2 - Common fibular

Question 21

Which muscles does the sciatic nerve supply?

Answer 21

Posterior thigh

Hamstrings (Adductor Magnus)

Question 22

What 3 muscles make up the hamstrings?

Answer 22

Biceps Femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimembranous

Question 23

What are the actions of the hamstring muscles on the hip and knee joint?

Answer 23

Hip joint - Extension and lateral rotation

Knee joint - Flexion and lateral rotation

Question 24

Which nerve innervates the posterior thigh muscles?

Answer 24

Sciatic nerve

Question 25

What type of joint is the knee?

Answer 25

Compound hinge synovial

Question 26

What movements can be performed at the knee?

Answer 26

Flexion and extension

Question 27

What are the articular surfaces of the knee joint?

Answer 27

Medial condyle of femur Lateral condyle of femur Tibia Posterior surface of patella

Question 28

Which leg bone is not involved in the knee joint?

Answer 28

Fibula

Question 29

Which is the most important muscle which helps to stabilize the knee joint?

Answer 29

Quadriceps femoris

Question 30

From which structure do the ligaments of the knee originate?

Answer 30

Joint capsule

Question 31

What is the name of the ligament on the lateral surface of the knee?

Answer 31

Fibular collateral ligament

Question 32

What are the sites of attachment for the lateral collateral ligament?

Answer 32

Lateral condyle of femur Lateral surface of head of fibula

Question 33

What is the name of the ligament found on the medial side of the knee joint?

Answer 33

Tibial collateral ligament

Question 34

Where does the tibial collateral ligament attach to?

Answer 34

Medial epicondyle of femur Medial condyle of the tibia

Question 35

What other structure is the medial collateral ligament attached to?

Answer 35

Medial meniscus

Question 36

What is the clinical importance of the medial collateral ligament being attached to the medial meniscus?

Answer 36

If the medial collateral ligament is torn, it is most likely that the medial meniscus has been torn

Question 37

How can the cruciate ligaments be easily identified on a modal?

Answer 37

They form an X shape

Question 38

What does the ACL prevent from happening?

Answer 38

The femur from sliding anteriorly on the tibia and prevents dislocation of the knee

Question 39

Why is the ACL prone to injury and difficult to repair?

Answer 39

It has a poor blood supply

Question 40

What does the PCL prevent from happening?

Answer 40

The femur from sliding posteriorly onto the tibia

Question 41

What are the menisci of the knee joint?

Answer 41

C-shaped plates of fibrocartilage

Question 42

Where can the menisci of the knee be found?

Answer 42

The articular surface of the tibia

Question 43

What are the functions of the menisci of the knee?

Answer 43

1 - Act as shock absorbers 2 - Deepen articular surface of the tibia

Question 44

Which meniscus is firmly attached to the tibial collateral ligament?

Answer 44

Medial meniscus

Question 45

What happens to cause the 'unhappy triad' of knee injuries?

Answer 45

1 - Impact to lateral aspect of knee 2 - This puts strain on the tibial collateral ligament and therefore also the medial meniscus 3 - The **tibial collateral ligament** and **medial meniscus** tear 4 - An extra load is then created on the **ACL** which eventually tears also

Question 46

Which muscles flex the knee joint?

Answer 46

1 - Hamstrings 2 - Gracilis 3 - Sartorius 4 - Popliteus

Question 47

Which muscles extend the knee joint?

Answer 47

Quadriceps femoris

Question 48

What are the bursae found around the knee joint?

Answer 48

1 - Suprapatellar bursa (superior) 2 - Prepatella bursa (middle) 3 - Infrapatella bursae (inferior) 4 - Semimembranous bursa (posterior)

Question 49

What is bursitis?

Answer 49

Inflammation and infection of bursa

Question 50

What is prepatellar bursitis and how is it caused?

Answer 50

Inflammation of the prepatellar bursa caused by friction between the skin and patella

Question 51

Which bursa communicates with the articular cavity of the knee?

Answer 51

Suprapatellar