Lower Limb 2 - Pelvic Girdle, Sacral Plexus, Posterior Thigh, Knee Joint Flashcards
Which sciatic foramen is a route for structures entering and leaving the pelvis?
Greater sciatic foramen
Which sciatic foramen is a route for structures entering or leaving the perineum?
Lesser sciatic foramen
What are the 2 layers of muscles that the gluteal region can be divided into?
1 - Superficial
2 - Deep
Which muscles make up the superficial layer in the gluteal region?
1 - Gluteus Maximus
2 - Gluteus Medius
3 - Gluteus Minimus
4 - Tensor Fascia Latae
Which muscles make up the deep layer of muscles in the gluteal region?
1 - Piriformis
2 - Obturator Internus
3 - Superior & Inferior Gemelli
4 - Quadratus Femoris
What is the Iliotibial tract?
A longitudinal part of the fascia lata that is thickened
Where is the Iliotibial tract located?
Starts at the Iliac tubercle
Extends down to the lateral tibial condyle
Which 2 muscles attach to the IT tract?
1 - Gluteus maximus
2 - Tensor fascia latae
What are the actions of the gluteus maximus muscle?
1 - Extension
2 - Lateral rotation
Which nerve innervates the gluteus maximus muscle?
Inferior gluteal nerve
What is the action of gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia lata on the hip joint?
1 - Abduction
2 - Medial rotators
Which nerve innervates the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia latae muscles?
Superior gluteal nerve
What is the action of the deep muscles of the gluteal region on the hip joint?
1 - Abduction
2 - Lateral rotation
Anterior to which pelvic muscle can the sacral plexus be found?
Piriformis
Which nerve roots form the sacral plexus?
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4
What are the 2 main branches of the sacral plexus?
Sciatic nerve
Pudendal nerve
What are the root values of the superior gluteal nerve and what are the muscles supplied?
L4, L5, S1
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
Tensor Fascia Latae
What are the root values of the inferior gluteal nerve and which muscle(s) does it supply?
L5, S1, S2
Gluteus Maximus
Inferior to which muscle does the sciatic nerve emerge into the gluteal region?
Piriformis
What are the 2 terminal branches of the sciatic nerve?
1 - Tibial
2 - Common fibular
Which muscles does the sciatic nerve supply?
Posterior thigh
Hamstrings (Adductor Magnus)
What 3 muscles make up the hamstrings?
Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranous
What are the actions of the hamstring muscles on the hip and knee joint?
Hip joint - Extension and lateral rotation
Knee joint - Flexion and lateral rotation
Which nerve innervates the posterior thigh muscles?
Sciatic nerve
What type of joint is the knee?
Compound hinge synovial
What movements can be performed at the knee?
Flexion and extension
What are the articular surfaces of the knee joint?
Medial condyle of femur
Lateral condyle of femur
Tibia
Posterior surface of patella
Which leg bone is not involved in the knee joint?
Fibula
Which is the most important muscle which helps to stabilize the knee joint?
Quadriceps femoris
From which structure do the ligaments of the knee originate?
Joint capsule
What is the name of the ligament on the lateral surface of the knee?
Fibular collateral ligament
What are the sites of attachment for the lateral collateral ligament?
Lateral condyle of femur
Lateral surface of head of fibula
What is the name of the ligament found on the medial side of the knee joint?
Tibial collateral ligament
Where does the tibial collateral ligament attach to?
Medial epicondyle of femur
Medial condyle of the tibia
What other structure is the medial collateral ligament attached to?
Medial meniscus
What is the clinical importance of the medial collateral ligament being attached to the medial meniscus?
If the medial collateral ligament is torn, it is most likely that the medial meniscus has been torn
How can the cruciate ligaments be easily identified on a modal?
They form an X shape
What does the ACL prevent from happening?
The femur from sliding anteriorly on the tibia and prevents dislocation of the knee
Why is the ACL prone to injury and difficult to repair?
It has a poor blood supply
What does the PCL prevent from happening?
The femur from sliding posteriorly onto the tibia
What are the menisci of the knee joint?
C-shaped plates of fibrocartilage
Where can the menisci of the knee be found?
The articular surface of the tibia
What are the functions of the menisci of the knee?
1 - Act as shock absorbers
2 - Deepen articular surface of the tibia
Which meniscus is firmly attached to the tibial collateral ligament?
Medial meniscus
What happens to cause the ‘unhappy triad’ of knee injuries?
1 - Impact to lateral aspect of knee
2 - This puts strain on the tibial collateral ligament and therefore also the medial meniscus
3 - The tibial collateral ligament and medial meniscus tear
4 - An extra load is then created on the ACL which eventually tears also
Which muscles flex the knee joint?
1 - Hamstrings
2 - Gracilis
3 - Sartorius
4 - Popliteus
Which muscles extend the knee joint?
Quadriceps femoris
What are the bursae found around the knee joint?
1 - Suprapatellar bursa (superior)
2 - Prepatella bursa (middle)
3 - Infrapatella bursae (inferior)
4 - Semimembranous bursa (posterior)
What is bursitis?
Inflammation and infection of bursa
What is prepatellar bursitis and how is it caused?
Inflammation of the prepatellar bursa caused by friction between the skin and patella
Which bursa communicates with the articular cavity of the knee?
Suprapatellar
