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Anatomy > Lower Limb 2 - Pelvic Girdle, Sacral Plexus, Posterior Thigh, Knee Joint > Flashcards

Lower Limb 2 - Pelvic Girdle, Sacral Plexus, Posterior Thigh, Knee Joint Flashcards

1
Q

Which sciatic foramen is a route for structures entering and leaving the pelvis?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

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2
Q

Which sciatic foramen is a route for structures entering or leaving the perineum?

A

Lesser sciatic foramen

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3
Q

What are the 2 layers of muscles that the gluteal region can be divided into?

A

1 - Superficial

2 - Deep

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4
Q

Which muscles make up the superficial layer in the gluteal region?

A

1 - Gluteus Maximus

2 - Gluteus Medius

3 - Gluteus Minimus

4 - Tensor Fascia Latae

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5
Q

Which muscles make up the deep layer of muscles in the gluteal region?

A

1 - Piriformis

2 - Obturator Internus

3 - Superior & Inferior Gemelli

4 - Quadratus Femoris

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6
Q

What is the Iliotibial tract?

A

A longitudinal part of the fascia lata that is thickened

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7
Q

Where is the Iliotibial tract located?

A

Starts at the Iliac tubercle

Extends down to the lateral tibial condyle

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8
Q

Which 2 muscles attach to the IT tract?

A

1 - Gluteus maximus

2 - Tensor fascia latae

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9
Q

What are the actions of the gluteus maximus muscle?

A

1 - Extension

2 - Lateral rotation

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10
Q

Which nerve innervates the gluteus maximus muscle?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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11
Q

What is the action of gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia lata on the hip joint?

A

1 - Abduction

2 - Medial rotators

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12
Q

Which nerve innervates the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia latae muscles?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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13
Q

What is the action of the deep muscles of the gluteal region on the hip joint?

A

1 - Abduction

2 - Lateral rotation

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14
Q

Anterior to which pelvic muscle can the sacral plexus be found?

A

Piriformis

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15
Q

Which nerve roots form the sacral plexus?

A

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4

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16
Q

What are the 2 main branches of the sacral plexus?

A

Sciatic nerve

Pudendal nerve

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17
Q

What are the root values of the superior gluteal nerve and what are the muscles supplied?

A

L4, L5, S1

Gluteus Medius

Gluteus Minimus

Tensor Fascia Latae

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18
Q

What are the root values of the inferior gluteal nerve and which muscle(s) does it supply?

A

L5, S1, S2

Gluteus Maximus

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19
Q

Inferior to which muscle does the sciatic nerve emerge into the gluteal region?

A

Piriformis

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20
Q

What are the 2 terminal branches of the sciatic nerve?

A

1 - Tibial

2 - Common fibular

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21
Q

Which muscles does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

Posterior thigh

Hamstrings (Adductor Magnus)

22
Q

What 3 muscles make up the hamstrings?

A

Biceps Femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimembranous

23
Q

What are the actions of the hamstring muscles on the hip and knee joint?

A

Hip joint - Extension and lateral rotation

Knee joint - Flexion and lateral rotation

24
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior thigh muscles?

A

Sciatic nerve

25
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

Compound hinge synovial

26
Q

What movements can be performed at the knee?

A

Flexion and extension

27
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the knee joint?

A

Medial condyle of femur

Lateral condyle of femur

Tibia

Posterior surface of patella

28
Q

Which leg bone is not involved in the knee joint?

A

Fibula

29
Q

Which is the most important muscle which helps to stabilize the knee joint?

A

Quadriceps femoris

30
Q

From which structure do the ligaments of the knee originate?

A

Joint capsule

31
Q

What is the name of the ligament on the lateral surface of the knee?

A

Fibular collateral ligament

32
Q

What are the sites of attachment for the lateral collateral ligament?

A

Lateral condyle of femur

Lateral surface of head of fibula

33
Q

What is the name of the ligament found on the medial side of the knee joint?

A

Tibial collateral ligament

34
Q

Where does the tibial collateral ligament attach to?

A

Medial epicondyle of femur

Medial condyle of the tibia

35
Q

What other structure is the medial collateral ligament attached to?

A

Medial meniscus

36
Q

What is the clinical importance of the medial collateral ligament being attached to the medial meniscus?

A

If the medial collateral ligament is torn, it is most likely that the medial meniscus has been torn

37
Q

How can the cruciate ligaments be easily identified on a modal?

A

They form an X shape

38
Q

What does the ACL prevent from happening?

A

The femur from sliding anteriorly on the tibia and prevents dislocation of the knee

39
Q

Why is the ACL prone to injury and difficult to repair?

A

It has a poor blood supply

40
Q

What does the PCL prevent from happening?

A

The femur from sliding posteriorly onto the tibia

41
Q

What are the menisci of the knee joint?

A

C-shaped plates of fibrocartilage

42
Q

Where can the menisci of the knee be found?

A

The articular surface of the tibia

43
Q

What are the functions of the menisci of the knee?

A

1 - Act as shock absorbers

2 - Deepen articular surface of the tibia

44
Q

Which meniscus is firmly attached to the tibial collateral ligament?

A

Medial meniscus

45
Q

What happens to cause the ‘unhappy triad’ of knee injuries?

A

1 - Impact to lateral aspect of knee

2 - This puts strain on the tibial collateral ligament and therefore also the medial meniscus

3 - The tibial collateral ligament and medial meniscus tear

4 - An extra load is then created on the ACL which eventually tears also

46
Q

Which muscles flex the knee joint?

A

1 - Hamstrings

2 - Gracilis

3 - Sartorius

4 - Popliteus

47
Q

Which muscles extend the knee joint?

A

Quadriceps femoris

48
Q

What are the bursae found around the knee joint?

A

1 - Suprapatellar bursa (superior)

2 - Prepatella bursa (middle)

3 - Infrapatella bursae (inferior)

4 - Semimembranous bursa (posterior)

49
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Inflammation and infection of bursa

50
Q

What is prepatellar bursitis and how is it caused?

A

Inflammation of the prepatellar bursa caused by friction between the skin and patella

51
Q

Which bursa communicates with the articular cavity of the knee?

A

Suprapatellar

Anatomy (26 decks)

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