Abdominal Wall, Inguinal Canal & Histology of Gut Tube

Question 1

Demonstrate the bony and cartilaginous land marks on the following abdominal wall:

Answer 1

Question 2

What are these 4 quadrants known as and what are the 2 imaginary lines called that divide the abdomen into 4 quadrants?

Answer 2

Right upper

Right lower

Left Upper

Left lower

Transumbilical line

Midline

Question 3

What are the imaginary lines used to divide the abdomen into 9 regions and name the 9 regions?

Answer 3

Right lateral plane

Left lateral plane

Transpyloric plane

Transtubercular plane

Right hypochondriac

Epigastric

Left Hypochondriac

Right lumbar

Umbilical

Left lumbar

Right iliac

Suprapubic

Left iliac

Question 4

Name 3 organs/structures that can be found in each of the 9 regions

Answer 4

Right Hypochondriac - Liver, Gallbladder, Right kidney

Epigastric - Stomach, Duodenum, Pancreas

Left Hypochodriac - Spleen, Left kidney, Pancreas

Right lumbar - Ascending colon, Liver, Gallbladder

Umbilical - Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Left lumbar - Descending colon, Left kidney

Right Iliac - Appendix, Cecum

Suprapubic - Bladder, Sigmoid colon

Left iliac - Sigmoid and descending colon

Question 5

What are the muscles of anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 5

• External oblique
• Internal oblique
• Transversus Abdominis
• Rectus Abdominis

Question 6

What is the action of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 6

External oblique - Rotation of torso

Internal oblique - Bilateral contraction compresses the abdomen, unilateral contraction causes ipsilateral rotation of the abdomen

Transversus Abdominis - Compression of abdominal contents

Rectus Abdominis - Stabilise the pelvis whilst walking

Question 7

What is the innervation of the muscles of abdominal wall?

Answer 7

External, Internal Obliques & Transversus Abdominis - Thoracoabdominal nerves (T6-T11) and subcostal nerve (T12)

Rectus Abdominis - Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11)

Question 8

Which muscle lies superficial and inferior to the rectus abdominis and what is its action?

Answer 8

Pyramidalis - It tenses the linea alba

Question 9

What is the rectus sheath?

Answer 9

It is an aponeurotic tendinous sheath which connects the 3 flat muscles (external, internal oblique and transversus abdominis) together and encases the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles

Question 10

What is an aponeurosis?

Answer 10

A sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue

Question 11

How does the rectus sheath enclose the rectus abdominis above and below the umbilicus?

Answer 11

Above umbilicus - Completely encloses the rectus abdominis

Below umbilicus - Covers the anterior surface of rectus abdominis

Question 12

At what vertebral level is the umbilicus found?

Answer 12

L3/4

Question 13

Which vertebral levels of the thorax innervate the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 13

T6-T12

Question 14

Which dermatome supplies the level of the umbilicus?

Answer 14

T10

Question 15

Which bony points are the inguinal ligaments attached to?

Answer 15

• Pubic Tubercle
• Anterior superior iliac spine

Question 16

What does the anterior wall of the inguinal canal consist of?

Answer 16

Aponeurosis of external oblique

Internal oblique

Question 17

What does the posterior wall of the inguinal canal consist of?

Answer 17

Transveralis fascia

Question 18

What does the roof of the inguinal canal consist of?

Answer 18

Transveralis fascia

Internal oblique

Transveralis abdominis

Question 19

What does the floor of the inguinal cana consist of?

Answer 19

Inguinal ligament

Question 20

What are the openings of the inguinal canal called?

Answer 20

Deep inguinal ring

Superficial inguinal ring

Question 21

What is the relationship of the deep inguinal ring to the inferior epigastric vessel?

Answer 21

The deep inguinal ring lies laterally to the inferior epigastric vessel

Question 22

Where does the superficial inguinal ring lie in relation to the pubic tubercle?

Answer 22

Superior

Question 23

What are the superior and inferior epigastric arteries branches of?

Answer 23

Superior epigastric artery - Internal thoracic artery

Inferior epigastric artery - External iliac artery

Question 24

What are the contents of the male inguinal canal?

Answer 24

Spermatic cord

Ilioinguinal nerve

Question 25

What are the contents of the female inguinal canal?

Answer 25

Round ligament of uterus

Ilioinguinal nerve

Question 26

What are the 3 layers that make up the Mucosa of the GI tract?

Answer 26

Epithelium

Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosae

Question 27

Apart from the mucosa, what are the other layers that make up the GI tract?

Answer 27

Submucosa

Muscularis externa (External longtitudinal, inner circular)

Adventitia (Oesophagus upwards and rectum downwards) or Serosa

Question 28

What are the basic mucosa types that line the GI tract and what are their functions?

Answer 28

Protective - oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal

Secretory - Stomach

Absorptive - Small intestines

Absorptive/protective - Large intestines

Question 29

What does the following histological image show?

Answer 29

Stratified squamous epithelium - Oesophagus, anal canal (protective)

Question 30

What does the following histological image show?

Answer 30

Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands - Stomach (secretory)

Question 31

What does the following histological image show?

Answer 31

Vili with short glands - small intestine (secretory & absorptive)

Question 32

What does the following histological image show?

Answer 32

Closely packed straight glands with goblet cells - Large intestine (absorptive and protective)