Abdominal Wall, Inguinal Canal & Histology of Gut Tube Flashcards
Demonstrate the bony and cartilaginous land marks on the following abdominal wall:
What are these 4 quadrants known as and what are the 2 imaginary lines called that divide the abdomen into 4 quadrants?
Right upper
Right lower
Left Upper
Left lower
Transumbilical line
Midline
What are the imaginary lines used to divide the abdomen into 9 regions and name the 9 regions?
Right lateral plane
Left lateral plane
Transpyloric plane
Transtubercular plane
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left Hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right iliac
Suprapubic
Left iliac
Name 3 organs/structures that can be found in each of the 9 regions
Right Hypochondriac - Liver, Gallbladder, Right kidney
Epigastric - Stomach, Duodenum, Pancreas
Left Hypochodriac - Spleen, Left kidney, Pancreas
Right lumbar - Ascending colon, Liver, Gallbladder
Umbilical - Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Left lumbar - Descending colon, Left kidney
Right Iliac - Appendix, Cecum
Suprapubic - Bladder, Sigmoid colon
Left iliac - Sigmoid and descending colon
What are the muscles of anterior abdominal wall?
- External oblique
- Internal oblique
- Transversus Abdominis
- Rectus Abdominis
What is the action of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?
External oblique - Rotation of torso
Internal oblique - Bilateral contraction compresses the abdomen, unilateral contraction causes ipsilateral rotation of the abdomen
Transversus Abdominis - Compression of abdominal contents
Rectus Abdominis - Stabilise the pelvis whilst walking
What is the innervation of the muscles of abdominal wall?
External, Internal Obliques & Transversus Abdominis - Thoracoabdominal nerves (T6-T11) and subcostal nerve (T12)
Rectus Abdominis - Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11)
Which muscle lies superficial and inferior to the rectus abdominis and what is its action?
Pyramidalis - It tenses the linea alba
What is the rectus sheath?
It is an aponeurotic tendinous sheath which connects the 3 flat muscles (external, internal oblique and transversus abdominis) together and encases the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles
What is an aponeurosis?
A sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue
How does the rectus sheath enclose the rectus abdominis above and below the umbilicus?
Above umbilicus - Completely encloses the rectus abdominis
Below umbilicus - Covers the anterior surface of rectus abdominis
At what vertebral level is the umbilicus found?
L3/4
Which vertebral levels of the thorax innervate the anterior abdominal wall?
T6-T12
Which dermatome supplies the level of the umbilicus?
T10
Which bony points are the inguinal ligaments attached to?
- Pubic Tubercle
- Anterior superior iliac spine
What does the anterior wall of the inguinal canal consist of?
Aponeurosis of external oblique
Internal oblique
What does the posterior wall of the inguinal canal consist of?
Transveralis fascia
What does the roof of the inguinal canal consist of?
Transveralis fascia
Internal oblique
Transveralis abdominis
What does the floor of the inguinal cana consist of?
Inguinal ligament
What are the openings of the inguinal canal called?
Deep inguinal ring
Superficial inguinal ring
What is the relationship of the deep inguinal ring to the inferior epigastric vessel?
The deep inguinal ring lies laterally to the inferior epigastric vessel
Where does the superficial inguinal ring lie in relation to the pubic tubercle?
Superior
What are the superior and inferior epigastric arteries branches of?
Superior epigastric artery - Internal thoracic artery
Inferior epigastric artery - External iliac artery
What are the contents of the male inguinal canal?
Spermatic cord
Ilioinguinal nerve
What are the contents of the female inguinal canal?
Round ligament of uterus
Ilioinguinal nerve
What are the 3 layers that make up the Mucosa of the GI tract?
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae
Apart from the mucosa, what are the other layers that make up the GI tract?
Submucosa
Muscularis externa (External longtitudinal, inner circular)
Adventitia (Oesophagus upwards and rectum downwards) or Serosa
What are the basic mucosa types that line the GI tract and what are their functions?
Protective - oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal
Secretory - Stomach
Absorptive - Small intestines
Absorptive/protective - Large intestines
What does the following histological image show?
Stratified squamous epithelium - Oesophagus, anal canal (protective)
What does the following histological image show?
Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands - Stomach (secretory)
What does the following histological image show?
Vili with short glands - small intestine (secretory & absorptive)
What does the following histological image show?
Closely packed straight glands with goblet cells - Large intestine (absorptive and protective)
