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Anatomy > Brainstem, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Cerebral Hemispheres & Spinal cord > Flashcards

Brainstem, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Cerebral Hemispheres & Spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

In which cranial cavity can the brain stem be found?

A

Posterior

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2
Q

Which two emryological vesicles give rise to the brain stem?

A

Rhombencephalon

Mesencephalon

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3
Q

What ventricles lie within the brainstem?

A

4th

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4
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) emerge from the pontomedullary junction?

A

Abducens

Facial

Vestibulocochlear

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5
Q

What are the pyramids and what is their function?

A

Paired swellings found between the anterior median fissure and the venterolateral sulcus

Function - Carry fibres responsible for voluntary control of the musculature of the body and face

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6
Q

What are the decussation of pyramids?

A

This is where the descending motor fibres cross over to their opposite side from which they originated from the cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

What are the olives and what is their function?

A

Involved in cerebellar motor learning and function

2 oval swellings located laterally to the pyramids

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8
Q

What structure does the ‘open’ part of the medulla open on to?

A

4th ventricle

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9
Q

Through which foramen does the medulla pass to become the spinal cord?

A

Foramen magnum

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10
Q

What is the middle cerebal peduncle made up of?

A

Nerve fibres

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11
Q

What cranial nerve leaves the brainstem beside the middle cerebelar peduncle of the pons?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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12
Q

What part of the brain lies immediately superior to the midbrain?

A

Forebrain

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13
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles and where are they destined for?

A

Structures which lie on the front of the midbrain and contain motor and sensory fibres that travel down to the pons

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14
Q

What structures make up the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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15
Q

Between which 2 parts of the brain do the thalamus and hypothalamus lie?

A

Telencephalon

Mesencephalon

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16
Q

What is the name given to the midline structure that connects the 2 cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Vermis

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17
Q

To which part of the brain is cerebellum connected to by peduncles?

A

Pons

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18
Q

Which ventricular space lies anterior to the cerebellum?

A

4th

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19
Q

In which cranial cavity is the cerebellum located?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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20
Q

What is the name of the long fissure that seperates the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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21
Q

What type of nerve fibres pass through the corpus callosum?

A

Commisural

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22
Q

Which lobe contains the primary motor cortex?

A

Frontal lobe

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23
Q

Which lobe contains the primary sensory area?

A

Parietal lobe

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24
Q

Which lobe contains the primary visual cortex?

A

Occipital

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25
Q

Which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex?

A

Temporal

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26
Q

What is the 1st structure that would be passed through when gaining access to the vertebral canal, e.g. LP?

A

Dura mater

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27
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in adults and in new borns?

A

L1/2

New brons - S3

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28
Q

At what vertebral do the dura and arachnoid mater terminate?

A

Dura - S2

Arachnoid - S2

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29
Q

What is the termination of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

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30
Q

Where does the pia mater terminate?

A

Coccyx

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31
Q

At what vertebral level is a lumbar puncture performed?

A

L3/4

Spinal cord ends at L1/2

Cauda equinas below L2 so safe to insert needle here

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32
Q

In what position is the patient during a lumbar puncture?

A

Foetal position

33
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in total?

A

31

34
Q

Is cauda equina syndrome UMN or LMN?

A

LMN

35
Q

Fromw which arteries do the L+R vertebral arteries arise

A

R+L subclavian arteries

36
Q

From which arteries do the R+L ICA’s arise?

A

R+L CCA’s

37
Q

How is the basillar artery formed and with which area of the brainstem is it most closely related?

A

Formed from the joining of the 2 vertebral arteries

Closely associated with the Pons

38
Q

Which arteries complete the posterior Circle of Willis by connecting the ICA’s with the Posterior Cerebral arteries?

A

The posterior communicating arteries

39
Q

What structure completes the anterior portion of the circle of willis by connecting the anterior cerebral arteries?

A

Anterior communicating

40
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to primary motor cortex area of the brain?

A

Middle cerebral artery

41
Q

What is the arterial supply to the primary sensory cortex of the brain?

A

Middle cerebral artery

42
Q

What is the arterial supply to the primary visual cortex?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

43
Q

What is the arterial supply to the primary auditory area?

A

Middle cerebral area

44
Q

What is the arterial supply to the area of olfaction?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

45
Q

Which artery lies immediately below the occulomotor nerve?

A

Superior cerebral artery

46
Q

Which artery lies superior to superior cerebellar artery?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

47
Q

Which part of the CCA detects the pressure of blood flow to the head?

A

Carotid sinus (baroreceptors)

48
Q

Which part of the CCA detects the volume of Oxygen within the blood travelling to the brain?

A

Carotid body (chemoreceptors)

49
Q

Into which do the dural venous sinuses drain into?

A

IJV

50
Q

Through which foramina does the IJV pass to leave the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

51
Q

What veins drain into the cavernous sinus?

A

Opthalmic veins

52
Q

What structures of the skull base in the cavernous sinus associated with?

A

The sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

53
Q

Which arteries fuse together to form the anterior spinal artery?

A

Vertebral

54
Q

Which artery are the posterior spinal arteries branches of?

A

Vertebral

55
Q

What fluid can be found in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

56
Q

What structures does the falx cerebri seperate?

A

The cerebral hemispheres

57
Q

To what bony structures does the falx cerebri attach?

A

Crista galli

Frontal & ethmoid sinuses

58
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs along the top of the falx cerebri?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

59
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs along the posterior margin of the falx cerebri?

A

Inferior sagittal sinus

60
Q

Which structures does the tentorium cerebelli seperate?

A

cerebellum and occipital lobes

61
Q

To what bony areas does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach?

A

anterior and posterior clinoid processes

62
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Straight sinus

63
Q

What is the dural fold that seperates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Falx cerebelli

64
Q

What is the fold of dura matter that surrounds the pituitary stalk?

A

Diaphragma Sellae

65
Q

What is the most important artery supplying the dura matter and through which foramen does it enter the skull?

A

Middle meningeal artery - Jugular foramen

66
Q

What embryological structures form the spaces of the ventricles?

A

Lumen of the neural tube

67
Q

What are the components of the lateral ventricles and in which lobes of the brain are they found?

A

Anterior horns - frontal lobe

Body

Posterior horn - Occipital lobe

Inferior horn - Temporal lobe

68
Q

What structure connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?

A

Foramen of Monro

69
Q

Where is the foramen of monro found?

A

Underside of the lateral ventricles

70
Q

What part of the brain is the 3rd ventrical found within?

A

Between R + L Thalamus

71
Q

In which part of the brain is the cerebral aqueduct found?

A

Midbrain

72
Q

Where in the brain can the 4th ventricle be found?

A

Between the cerebellum and pons

73
Q

What is the structure that produce CSF?

A

Choroid plexus (ependynal cells)

74
Q

How does CSF pass from the 3rd ventricle into the 4th?

A

Via cerebral aqueduct

75
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Arachnoid granulations

76
Q

What makes the indentations found either side of the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Cerebral veins

77
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Sex drive

Thirst

Hunger

Body temperature

Sleep cycles

78
Q
A

Anatomy (26 decks)

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