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Anatomy > Lower Limb 1 - Bones of Lower Limb, Venous & Lymphatic Drainage & Dermatomes, Hip Joint, Femoral Triangle, Lumbar Plexus, Anterior Thigh > Flashcards

Lower Limb 1 - Bones of Lower Limb, Venous & Lymphatic Drainage & Dermatomes, Hip Joint, Femoral Triangle, Lumbar Plexus, Anterior Thigh Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

1 - Great saphenous vein

2 - Small saphenous vein

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2
Q

Which of the superficial veins ascends anterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia?

A

Great saphenous

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3
Q

Which of the superficial veins of the lower limb ascends posteriorly to the lateral malleolus?

A

Small saphenous

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4
Q

Which superficial vein of the lower limb empties into the femoral vein?

A

Great saphenous vein

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5
Q

Which superficial vein of the lower limb empties into the popliteal vein?

A

Small saphenous vein

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6
Q

What causes varicose veins and in which vein of the lower limb are they most commonly found?

A

Varicose veins are caused by dilation of superficial veins due to valve incompetence

Varicose veins usually associated with the great saphenous vein

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7
Q

What are the causes of thrombus formation and venous stasis?

A

Thrombus formation - venous stasis

Venous stasis:

1 - Muscular inactivity (during a long flight)

2 - External pressure on veins (tight cast, bandages or stockings)

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8
Q

What are the 2 categories of lymph nodes of the lower limb?

A

1 - Superficial

2 - Deep

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9
Q

What are the important lymph nodes of the lower limb?

A

1 - Superficial Inguinal

2 - Deep Inguinal

3 - Popliteal lymph nodes

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10
Q

The lymph vessels which travel with the great saphenous and small saphenous veins enter into which group of lymph nodes?

A

Lymph vessels of Great Saphenous vein - Superficial Inguinal nodes

Lymph vessels of Small Saphenous vein - Popliteal lymph nodes

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11
Q

Which lymph nodes become enlarged if there is infection of the lower limb or the trunk inferior to the umbilicus (e.g. perineum)?

A

Superficial Inguinal nodes

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12
Q

Which dermatome innervates the anterior aspect of the knee and the lower part of the thigh?

A

L3

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13
Q

Which dermatome innervates the posterior aspect of the knee?

A

S2

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14
Q

Which dermatome innervates lateral anterior and posterior aspects of the calf?

A

L5

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15
Q

Which dermatome innervates the medial anterior and posterior aspects of the calf?

A

L4

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16
Q

Which dermatome innervates the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot to the heel of the foot?

A

S1

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17
Q

Which dermatome innervates the medial aspect of the foot?

A

L5

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18
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Ball and socket synovial joint

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19
Q

Why is the hip joint more stable than the shoulder joint?

A

1 - It is deeper

2 - It is stabilised by the fibrocartilaginous collar called acetabular labrum

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20
Q

What is the function of the acetabular labrum?

A

It deepends the joint, making it more stable

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21
Q

Which ligament of the hip joint prevents hyperextension of the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral ligament

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22
Q

Which ligament of the hip prevents hyper abduction of the hip joint?

A

Pubofemoral ligament

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23
Q

What are the movements permitted at the hip joint?

A

1 - Flexion/extension

2 - Abduction/adduction

3 - External/Internal rotation

4 - Circumduction

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24
Q

What are the muscles which flex the hip joint?

A

1 - Iliopsoas

2 - Pectineus

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25
Q

Which muscle is the chief flexor of the thigh?

A

Ilipsoas (Iliacus and Psoas Major combined)

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26
Q

Which muscles extend the hip joint?

A

Gluteus Maximus (main extensor)

Hamstrings

Adductor Magnus

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27
Q

Which individual muscles make up the hamstrings?

A

Biceps Femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimebranous

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28
Q

Which muscles adduct the thigh at the hip joint?

A

1 - Adductor Magnus

2 - Adductor Longus

3 - Adducotr Brevis

4 - Gracilis

5 - Obturator Externus

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29
Q

Which nerve innervates the adductor muscles of the thigh (medial compartment)

A

Obturator nerve

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30
Q

Through which opening does the obturator nerve pass when leaving the pelvis?

A

Obturator Foramen

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31
Q

Which muscles are involved in the abduction of the thigh at the hip joint?

A

Gluteus Medius

Gluteus Minimus

Tensor Fascia Lata

32
Q

What happens to the abductor muscles of the hip joint whilst walking?

A

Abductor muscles on side opposite to the foot lifted off ground - Contract

33
Q

Injury to the nerve supply of the hip abductor muscles can result in what type of gait?

A

Trendelenburg Gait

34
Q

Which muscles perform lateral rotation at the hip joint?

A

1 - Gluteus Maximus

2 - Piriformis

3 - Obturator Internus

35
Q

Which muscles perform medial rotation at the hip joint?

A

Gluteus Medius

Gluteus Minimus

Tensor Fascia Lata

36
Q

What are the 3 major muscle compartments of the thigh?

A

1 - Anterior (quadriceps)

2 - Medial (hip adductors)

3 - Posterior (hamstrings)

37
Q

What is the largest muscle in the anterior thigh comparment?

A

Quadriceps Femoris

38
Q

What are the 4 heads of the quadriceps femoris?

A

1 - Rectus Femoris

2 - Vastus Medialis

3 - Vastus Intermedius

4 - Vastus Lateralis

39
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior thigh?

A

Femoral Nerve

40
Q

What is the action of the rectus femoris on the hip joint?

A

Flexes thigh at hip joint

41
Q

Which structure is formed when the 4 parts of the quadriceps unite proximal to the patella?

A

Quadriceps tendon

42
Q

Distal to the patellar, what does the quadriceps ligament continue as and to where does it attach?

A

Patellar ligament

Attaches to the Tibial Tuberosity

43
Q

What are the 2 major actions of the quadricep muscles (anterior thigh muscles)?

A

1 - Hip flexors

2 - Knee extensors

44
Q

What is the most superficial muscle in the anterior thigh?

45
Q

On which joints does the sartorius muscle act?

A

Knee and Hip joint

46
Q

What are the 3 actions of sartorius on the hip joint?

A

Flexion

Abduction

Lateral rotation

(Also flexes the leg at the knee joint)

47
Q

What is unique about the sartorius muscle?

A

It is the longest muscle in the body

It flexes both the hip and knee joints (possible because if spirals around the front of the hip joint and then passes posterior to the knee joint)

48
Q

Which nerve innervates the medial thigh muscles?

A

Obturator nerve

49
Q

Which structures pass through the adductor hiatus?

A

Femoral artery & vein

50
Q

The femoral artery is the main artery of the thigh and is a continuation of which artery?

A

External Iliac artery

51
Q

At which anatomical site does the external iliac artery change name to the femoral artery?

A

When the external iliac artery passes under the inguinal ligament

52
Q

What surface features can be used to locate the femoral artery?

A

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine & Pubic Symphysis

53
Q

What is the branch of the femoral artery which passes posteriorly toward the hamstrings?

A

Perforating branches

54
Q

The femoral vein is a continuation of which vein?

A

Popliteal vein

55
Q

The femoral vein passes under the inguinal ligament to continue as which larger vein?

A

External Iliac vein

56
Q

Which 2 veins drain into the femoral vein?

A

1 - Great saphenous vein

2 - Popliteal vein

57
Q

Which clinical procedure is the femoral vein used for?

A

Right cardiac angiography

58
Q

What is the course of the femoral nerve as it passes from the femoral triangle into the thigh?

A
  • It passes deep to the inguinal ligament
  • Enters femoral triangle lateral to the femoral vessels
59
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the femoral nerve?

A

Sartorius

Pectineus

Iliacus

Rectus femoris

60
Q

What is the medial border of the femoral triangle?

A

Adductor longus

61
Q

What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A

Sartorius muscle

62
Q

Which muscles form the base of the femoral triangle?

A

1 - Pectineus

2 - Iliopsoas

3 - Adductor longus

63
Q

What are the major contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral Nerve

Femoral Vein

Femoral Artery

64
Q

Which structures are surrounded by the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral artery & vein

65
Q

Which structures can be found in the femoral canal (medial compartment of femoral sheath)?

A

Lymphatic vessels

66
Q

Which vessel can be found in the intermediate compartment of the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral vein

67
Q

Which vessel can be found in the lateral compartment of the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral artery

68
Q

Which medical condition is associated with the femoral ring and femoral sheath?

A

Femoral Hernia

69
Q

Are femoral hernias more common in males or females?

70
Q

After travelling inferiorly and passing the adductor hiatus what does the femoral artery turn into?

A

Popliteal artery

71
Q

What are the contetns of the adductor canal?

A

Femoral artery

Femoral vein

Femoral nerve

72
Q

What are the 2 major nerves of the lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral nerve

Obturator nerve

73
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to the formation of the lumbar plexus?

A

L1, L2, L3, L4

74
Q

Which compartment of the thigh is innervated by the femoral nerve?

A

Anterior compartment of the thigh

75
Q

Which compartment of the thigh is innervated by the obturator nerve?

A

Medial compartment (adductor)

76
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to the femoral and obturator nerve?

A

Femoral nerve - L2, L3, L4

Obturator nerve - L2, L3, L4

Anatomy (26 decks)

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