Lower Limb 1 - Bones of Lower Limb, Venous & Lymphatic Drainage & Dermatomes, Hip Joint, Femoral Triangle, Lumbar Plexus, Anterior Thigh

Question 1

What are the two superficial veins of the lower limb?

Answer 1

1 - Great saphenous vein

2 - Small saphenous vein

Question 2

Which of the superficial veins ascends anterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia?

Answer 2

Great saphenous

Question 3

Which of the superficial veins of the lower limb ascends posteriorly to the lateral malleolus?

Answer 3

Small saphenous

Question 4

Which superficial vein of the lower limb empties into the femoral vein?

Answer 4

Great saphenous vein

Question 5

Which superficial vein of the lower limb empties into the popliteal vein?

Answer 5

Small saphenous vein

Question 6

What causes varicose veins and in which vein of the lower limb are they most commonly found?

Answer 6

Varicose veins are caused by dilation of superficial veins due to valve incompetence

Varicose veins usually associated with the great saphenous vein

Question 7

What are the causes of thrombus formation and venous stasis?

Answer 7

Thrombus formation - venous stasis

Venous stasis:

1 - Muscular inactivity (during a long flight)

2 - External pressure on veins (tight cast, bandages or stockings)

Question 8

What are the 2 categories of lymph nodes of the lower limb?

Answer 8

1 - Superficial

2 - Deep

Question 9

What are the important lymph nodes of the lower limb?

Answer 9

1 - Superficial Inguinal

2 - Deep Inguinal

3 - Popliteal lymph nodes

Question 10

The lymph vessels which travel with the great saphenous and small saphenous veins enter into which group of lymph nodes?

Answer 10

Lymph vessels of Great Saphenous vein - Superficial Inguinal nodes

Lymph vessels of Small Saphenous vein - Popliteal lymph nodes

Question 11

Which lymph nodes become enlarged if there is infection of the lower limb or the trunk inferior to the umbilicus (e.g. perineum)?

Answer 11

Superficial Inguinal nodes

Question 12

Which dermatome innervates the anterior aspect of the knee and the lower part of the thigh?

Answer 12

L3

Question 13

Which dermatome innervates the posterior aspect of the knee?

Answer 13

S2

Question 14

Which dermatome innervates lateral anterior and posterior aspects of the calf?

Answer 14

L5

Question 15

Which dermatome innervates the medial anterior and posterior aspects of the calf?

Answer 15

L4

Question 16

Which dermatome innervates the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot to the heel of the foot?

Answer 16

S1

Question 17

Which dermatome innervates the medial aspect of the foot?

Answer 17

L5

Question 18

What type of joint is the hip joint?

Answer 18

Ball and socket synovial joint

Question 19

Why is the hip joint more stable than the shoulder joint?

Answer 19

1 - It is deeper

2 - It is stabilised by the fibrocartilaginous collar called acetabular labrum

Question 20

What is the function of the acetabular labrum?

Answer 20

It deepends the joint, making it more stable

Question 21

Which ligament of the hip joint prevents hyperextension of the hip joint?

Answer 21

Iliofemoral ligament

Question 22

Which ligament of the hip prevents hyper abduction of the hip joint?

Answer 22

Pubofemoral ligament

Question 23

What are the movements permitted at the hip joint?

Answer 23

1 - Flexion/extension

2 - Abduction/adduction

3 - External/Internal rotation

4 - Circumduction

Question 24

What are the muscles which flex the hip joint?

Answer 24

1 - Iliopsoas

2 - Pectineus

Question 25

Which muscle is the chief flexor of the thigh?

Answer 25

Ilipsoas (Iliacus and Psoas Major combined)

Question 26

Which muscles extend the hip joint?

Answer 26

Gluteus Maximus (main extensor) Hamstrings Adductor Magnus

Question 27

Which individual muscles make up the hamstrings?

Answer 27

Biceps Femoris Semitendinosus Semimebranous

Question 28

Which muscles adduct the thigh at the hip joint?

Answer 28

1 - Adductor Magnus 2 - Adductor Longus 3 - Adducotr Brevis 4 - Gracilis 5 - Obturator Externus

Question 29

Which nerve innervates the adductor muscles of the thigh (medial compartment)

Answer 29

Obturator nerve

Question 30

Through which opening does the obturator nerve pass when leaving the pelvis?

Answer 30

Obturator Foramen

Question 31

Which muscles are involved in the abduction of the thigh at the hip joint?

Answer 31

Gluteus Medius Gluteus Minimus Tensor Fascia Lata

Question 32

What happens to the abductor muscles of the hip joint whilst walking?

Answer 32

Abductor muscles on side opposite to the foot lifted off ground - Contract

Question 33

Injury to the nerve supply of the hip abductor muscles can result in what type of gait?

Answer 33

Trendelenburg Gait

Question 34

Which muscles perform lateral rotation at the hip joint?

Answer 34

1 - Gluteus Maximus 2 - Piriformis 3 - Obturator Internus

Question 35

Which muscles perform medial rotation at the hip joint?

Answer 35

Gluteus Medius Gluteus Minimus Tensor Fascia Lata

Question 36

What are the 3 major muscle compartments of the thigh?

Answer 36

1 - Anterior (quadriceps) 2 - Medial (hip adductors) 3 - Posterior (hamstrings)

Question 37

What is the largest muscle in the anterior thigh comparment?

Answer 37

Quadriceps Femoris

Question 38

What are the 4 heads of the quadriceps femoris?

Answer 38

1 - Rectus Femoris 2 - Vastus Medialis 3 - Vastus Intermedius 4 - Vastus Lateralis

Question 39

Which nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior thigh?

Answer 39

Femoral Nerve

Question 40

What is the action of the rectus femoris on the hip joint?

Answer 40

Flexes thigh at hip joint

Question 41

Which structure is formed when the 4 parts of the quadriceps unite proximal to the patella?

Answer 41

Quadriceps tendon

Question 42

Distal to the patellar, what does the quadriceps ligament continue as and to where does it attach?

Answer 42

Patellar ligament Attaches to the Tibial Tuberosity

Question 43

What are the 2 major actions of the quadricep muscles (anterior thigh muscles)?

Answer 43

1 - Hip flexors 2 - Knee extensors

Question 44

What is the most superficial muscle in the anterior thigh?

Answer 44

Sartorius

Question 45

On which joints does the sartorius muscle act?

Answer 45

Knee and Hip joint

Question 46

What are the 3 actions of sartorius on the hip joint?

Answer 46

Flexion Abduction Lateral rotation (Also flexes the leg at the knee joint)

Question 47

What is unique about the sartorius muscle?

Answer 47

It is the longest muscle in the body It flexes both the hip and knee joints (possible because if spirals around the front of the hip joint and then passes posterior to the knee joint)

Question 48

Which nerve innervates the medial thigh muscles?

Answer 48

Obturator nerve

Question 49

Which structures pass through the adductor hiatus?

Answer 49

Femoral artery & vein

Question 50

The femoral artery is the main artery of the thigh and is a continuation of which artery?

Answer 50

External Iliac artery

Question 51

At which anatomical site does the external iliac artery change name to the femoral artery?

Answer 51

When the external iliac artery passes under the inguinal ligament

Question 52

What surface features can be used to locate the femoral artery?

Answer 52

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine & Pubic Symphysis

Question 53

What is the branch of the femoral artery which passes posteriorly toward the hamstrings?

Answer 53

Perforating branches

Question 54

The femoral vein is a continuation of which vein?

Answer 54

Popliteal vein

Question 55

The femoral vein passes under the inguinal ligament to continue as which larger vein?

Answer 55

External Iliac vein

Question 56

Which 2 veins drain into the femoral vein?

Answer 56

1 - Great saphenous vein 2 - Popliteal vein

Question 57

Which clinical procedure is the femoral vein used for?

Answer 57

Right cardiac angiography

Question 58

What is the course of the femoral nerve as it passes from the femoral triangle into the thigh?

Answer 58

- It passes deep to the inguinal ligament - Enters femoral triangle lateral to the femoral vessels

Question 59

Which muscles are supplied by the femoral nerve?

Answer 59

Sartorius Pectineus Iliacus Rectus femoris

Question 60

What is the medial border of the femoral triangle?

Answer 60

Adductor longus

Question 61

What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

Answer 61

Sartorius muscle

Question 62

Which muscles form the base of the femoral triangle?

Answer 62

1 - Pectineus 2 - Iliopsoas 3 - Adductor longus

Question 63

What are the major contents of the femoral triangle?

Answer 63

Femoral Nerve Femoral Vein Femoral Artery

Question 64

Which structures are surrounded by the femoral sheath?

Answer 64

Femoral artery & vein

Question 65

Which structures can be found in the femoral canal (medial compartment of femoral sheath)?

Answer 65

Lymphatic vessels

Question 66

Which vessel can be found in the intermediate compartment of the femoral sheath?

Answer 66

Femoral vein

Question 67

Which vessel can be found in the lateral compartment of the femoral sheath?

Answer 67

Femoral artery

Question 68

Which medical condition is associated with the femoral ring and femoral sheath?

Answer 68

Femoral Hernia

Question 69

Are femoral hernias more common in males or females?

Answer 69

Males

Question 70

After travelling inferiorly and passing the adductor hiatus what does the femoral artery turn into?

Answer 70

Popliteal artery

Question 71

What are the contetns of the adductor canal?

Answer 71

Femoral artery Femoral vein Femoral nerve

Question 72

What are the 2 major nerves of the lumbar plexus?

Answer 72

Femoral nerve Obturator nerve

Question 73

Which nerve roots contribute to the formation of the lumbar plexus?

Answer 73

L1, L2, L3, L4

Question 74

Which compartment of the thigh is innervated by the femoral nerve?

Answer 74

Anterior compartment of the thigh

Question 75

Which compartment of the thigh is innervated by the obturator nerve?

Answer 75

Medial compartment (adductor)

Question 76

Which nerve roots contribute to the femoral and obturator nerve?

Answer 76

Femoral nerve - L2, L3, L4 Obturator nerve - L2, L3, L4