Female Reproductive System

Question 1

What 3 structures constitute the birth canal?

Answer 1

Uterus

Cervix

Vagina

Question 2

What are the three layers of the uterus?

Answer 2

Peritoneum

Myometrium

Endometrium

Question 3

When a caesarian section is performed, which part of the uterus is opened to deliver the baby?

Answer 3

The uterus is opened at the lower segment with a transverse incision

Question 4

What terms are used to describe the normal positioning of the uterus?

Answer 4

Anteflexed

Anteverted

Question 5

What could happen if the uterus is very retroverted and retroflexed during early pregnancy?

Answer 5

Uterus prolapse into vagina

Question 6

During surgical management of a miscarriage, why is it important to know whether the uterus is anteverted or retroverted?

Answer 6

Understanding the orientation of the uterus will minimise the risk of the uterus being damaged/perforated with any instrumentation

Question 7

Between which two structures of the female reproductive system are the rectouterine and vesicouterine pouches located?

Answer 7

Rectouterine pouch - Rectum and Uterus

Vesicouterine pouch - Uterus and Bladder

Question 8

What are the fornices of the vagina?

Answer 8

Superior portions of the vagina

Question 9

Through which vaginal fornix can the rectouterine pouch be accessed and what is the clinical significance of this?

Answer 9

Posterior fornix

A dialysis catheter can be placed into the recto-uterine pouch for patients who have end-stage renal failure

Question 10

How are the uterus and cervix attached to the pelvis?

Answer 10

By ligaments

Question 11

Apart from ligaments, what else provides support to the uterus in the pelvis?

Answer 11

Tone of pelvic floor

Question 12

What are the 4 parts of the uterine tubes?

Answer 12

Infundibulum

Fimbriae

Ampulla

Uterine part

Question 13

Which part of the uterine tube is the longest and widest?

Answer 13

Ampulla

Question 14

In which part of the uterine tube does fertilization occur?

Answer 14

Ampulla

Question 15

What is meant by an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 15

When the fertilised egg gets stuck in the fallopian tube and does not pass into the uterus

Question 16

What is a cornual ectopic?

Answer 16

An ectopic which is outside of the uterine cavity in the part of the fallopian tube that penetrates the muscular layer of the uterus

Question 17

What are the 2 ligaments associated with the ovaries?

Answer 17

Ligament of ovary

Suspensory ligament of ovary

Question 18

What is the name of the gonadal artery in females and with which structure does it pass downwards with?

Answer 18

Ovarian artery

The ovarian artery descends within the suspensory ligament to supply the ovaries via the broad ligament

Question 19

Into which vessels do the ovarian veins drain?

Answer 19

Left ovarian vein - Left renal vein

Right ovarian vein - IVC

Question 20

What is a hysterectomy?

Answer 20

Removal of Uterus

Question 21

What is the general rule for understanding how lympahtic drainage of the pelvic organs travels?

Answer 21

It follows the arterial supply to the pelvic organs, therefore it passes back to the nodes around Iliac arteries and abdominal aorta

Question 22

Lymph from the labia and distal part of the vagina drain into which group of lymph nodes?

Answer 22

Superficial Inguinal

Question 23

Into which group of lymph nodes does lymph from the ovaries drain?

Answer 23

Para-aortic

Question 24

Between which two ribs do the mammary glands extend between?

Answer 24

2nd and 6th ribs

Question 25

Horizontally, what are the two borders of the mammary glands?

Answer 25

Lateral border of the sternum

Mid-axillary line

Question 26

The deep surface of the mammary gland is associated with which muscles?

Answer 26

Pectoralis Major

Question 27

What are the major arteries and their branches which supply the mammary glands?

Answer 27

Medial aspect:

Internal thoracic artery (branch of subclavian artery)

Lateral aspect:

Lateral thoracic & Thoracoacromial (branches of axillary artery)

Lateral mammary (branches of posterior intercostal)

Mammary branch (branch of anterior intercostal)

Question 28

What are the main groups of lymph nodes draining the breast?

Answer 28

Axillary

Posterior Intercostal

Supraclavicular

Question 29

Which group of lymph nodes would be first to receive lymph from the lateral aspect of the breast tissue?

Answer 29

Axillary lymph nodes

Question 30

From which organ does the following image come from?

Answer 30

Ovary

Question 31

From which organ does the following image come from?

Answer 31

Uterus