Upper Airway and lungs💘

Question 1

What receptors are in nasal cavity
Anterior apertures
Posterior apertures

Answer 1

Olfactory receptors
Nares
Chonae

Question 2

Function of nasal cavity

Three curved shelves

Answer 2

To warm filter and humidify the incoming air to provide an airway and a resonating chamber for speech
Three conchae superior middle band inferior NASAL MEATUS and the sphenoethmoidal recess (above superior)

Question 3

Sinuses

Answer 3

Four paranasal air sinuses 
Ethmoidal (between eyes)
Sphenoidal (behind eyes)
Maxillary (cheek area)
Frontal (around eyes and forehead)
Air filled spaces and produce mucus sinusitis causes pain to those areas due to inflammation

Question 4

Nasal arteries

Answer 4

Sphenopalatine artery and anterior ethmoidal artery

Epistaxis is nose blood and usually due to the sphe artery

Question 5

Pharynx three sections

Tonsillitis

Answer 5

Naso oro and hypo pharynx

Tonsiltist is caused by invasion of muscous membrane

Question 6

Larynx

Answer 6

Has three large unpaired cartilages (cricoid thyroid and epiglottis)
Three smaller cartilages (arytenoid corniculate and cuneiform)
Has a fibroblast membrane and numerous intrinsic muscles
Vocal folds attached posterior ly to srytenoid cartilage and anterior ly to thyroid arytenoids are the true vocal folds (inner) and vibrate while phonating and open and close to alter pitch
Hoarseness due to irritated or injured vocal cords

Question 7

External vs internal respiration

Answer 7

External is lungs and air internal is carrying o2 in blood and to tissues etc

Question 8

Chemical control on breathing

Answer 8

Ventral medulla has chemoreceptors
Co2 acidic so more co2 leads to increased breathing rate
Low co2 more alkaline so less breathing
In respiratory failure co2 may be retained as they can’t blow off co2 well enough so kidneys retain bicarbonate to maintain ph
Also in failure a persons drive to breathe is replaced by hypoxic drive so they use o2 receptors (in carotid sinus) rather than co2 receptors

Question 9

Partial pressure of gases

Answer 9

The pressure exerted bay any one gas in a mixture of gases or in a liquid
In a liquid only dissolves gas contributes to partial pressure

Question 10

Cough reflex

Answer 10

Vagus nerve detects sensation
VR1 chilli receptor is a cough receptor hypo function leads to pneumonia inflammation etc and hyper function can lead to asthma chronic bronchitis etc

Question 11

High low co2 o2

Answer 11

Hyper/hypo capnia

Hyper/hyp oxia

Question 12

Ventilation muscles and stuff

Answer 12

Inspiration external inter costal and diaphragm contract
Expiration internal intercostal contracts and diaphragm relaxes via elastic recoil
Phrenic nerve controls diaphragm and intercostal nerve for intercostal muscles

Question 13

Haldane effect

Answer 13

Co2 reacts more with deoxygenated hb than with oxygenated hb

Question 14

Hyperventilation and hypo

Answer 14

Increase or decrease in ventilation without metabolic change
Hyper causes alkalosis kidney compensated by retaining h+ and excreting hco3-
And in hypo acidosis occurs so kidney retain hco3- and excrete h+ (get rid of ) and retain hco3-
Renal failure results in acidosis and vomiting causes alkalosis

Question 15

Chemical equation

Answer 15

Hco3- + h+ >< h2co3>

Question 16

Ventilation

Answer 16

Movement of air in and out of lungs

Question 17

Tidal volume

Answer 17

Air taken in and out with each breath

Question 18

Minute volume\pulmonary ventilation

Answer 18

Volume of air entering and leaving yeh lungs each minute

Question 19

Respiratory rate

Answer 19

Number of breaths per minute

Question 20

Vital capacity

Answer 20

Volume of maximum expiration after maximum inspiration

Question 21

Residual volume

Answer 21

Air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration

Question 22

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 22

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserves volume

Question 23

Vital capacity

Answer 23

Inspiratory capacity + expiratory reserved volume

Question 24

Functional residual capacity

Answer 24

Exploratory reserved volume + residual volume

Question 25

Measuring ventilation

Answer 25

Spirometer used to measure ventilation, you breathe through a mouthpiece and fill a drum with air causing Iyar to float and u record how high it floats
Helium dilution is same but dissolved in helium used to measure residual volume and functional residual capacity
Mini peak flow meter measures peak expiratory flow rate
Emphysema and copd have increased residual volumes

Question 26

Dead space

Answer 26

Two types
Anatomical= normal non changing parts of airways
Physiological= ADS and volume of alveoli with insufficient blood supply

Question 27

Pleura and recess

Answer 27

Continuous membranes visceral covers surface of the lungs parietal is further out and covers pulmonary cavities
Spaces between visceral and costal pleura allowing lungs to expand into them when inspiring and retreat when expiring

Question 28

Surfaces of lungs

Answer 28

Apex (uppermost)
Diaphragmatic surface (lowest)
Costal surface (area in contact with ribs
Mediastinal surface (medial surface surrounding mediastinum)
Hilum/hilus (point on mediastinal surface at which structures leave enter the lung)(and all pulmonary vessels)

Question 29

Borders of lungs and fissures

Answer 29

Anterior
Posterior
Inferior
Cardiac notch (indent space for heart)
Lingual (process on left which extends below cardiac notch )
Right has two fissures and three lobes (horizontal and oblique) and left and one fissure row lobes

Question 30

Boundaries of mediastinum

Answer 30

Thoracic inlet (root of neck)
Diaphragm
Mediastinal pleura

Question 31

Chemoreceptor types

Answer 31

Central (in medulla)
Regulates ph in spinal fluid and co2 levels in blood
Peripheral (carotid artery and aortic arch)
Monitor arterial o2 and co2 levels

Question 32

Restrictive Paul monarch disorders affect what capacity

Answer 32

Total lung capacity

Question 33

Normal fev1/fvc ratio vs restrictive and obstructive

Answer 33

70%
75=restrictive
58= obstructive