Upper Airway and lungs💘 Flashcards
What receptors are in nasal cavity
Anterior apertures
Posterior apertures
Olfactory receptors
Nares
Chonae
Function of nasal cavity
Three curved shelves
To warm filter and humidify the incoming air to provide an airway and a resonating chamber for speech
Three conchae superior middle band inferior NASAL MEATUS and the sphenoethmoidal recess (above superior)
Sinuses
Four paranasal air sinuses Ethmoidal (between eyes) Sphenoidal (behind eyes) Maxillary (cheek area) Frontal (around eyes and forehead) Air filled spaces and produce mucus sinusitis causes pain to those areas due to inflammation
Nasal arteries
Sphenopalatine artery and anterior ethmoidal artery
Epistaxis is nose blood and usually due to the sphe artery
Pharynx three sections
Tonsillitis
Naso oro and hypo pharynx
Tonsiltist is caused by invasion of muscous membrane
Larynx
Has three large unpaired cartilages (cricoid thyroid and epiglottis)
Three smaller cartilages (arytenoid corniculate and cuneiform)
Has a fibroblast membrane and numerous intrinsic muscles
Vocal folds attached posterior ly to srytenoid cartilage and anterior ly to thyroid arytenoids are the true vocal folds (inner) and vibrate while phonating and open and close to alter pitch
Hoarseness due to irritated or injured vocal cords
External vs internal respiration
External is lungs and air internal is carrying o2 in blood and to tissues etc
Chemical control on breathing
Ventral medulla has chemoreceptors
Co2 acidic so more co2 leads to increased breathing rate
Low co2 more alkaline so less breathing
In respiratory failure co2 may be retained as they can’t blow off co2 well enough so kidneys retain bicarbonate to maintain ph
Also in failure a persons drive to breathe is replaced by hypoxic drive so they use o2 receptors (in carotid sinus) rather than co2 receptors
Partial pressure of gases
The pressure exerted bay any one gas in a mixture of gases or in a liquid
In a liquid only dissolves gas contributes to partial pressure
Cough reflex
Vagus nerve detects sensation
VR1 chilli receptor is a cough receptor hypo function leads to pneumonia inflammation etc and hyper function can lead to asthma chronic bronchitis etc
High low co2 o2
Hyper/hypo capnia
Hyper/hyp oxia
Ventilation muscles and stuff
Inspiration external inter costal and diaphragm contract
Expiration internal intercostal contracts and diaphragm relaxes via elastic recoil
Phrenic nerve controls diaphragm and intercostal nerve for intercostal muscles
Haldane effect
Co2 reacts more with deoxygenated hb than with oxygenated hb
Hyperventilation and hypo
Increase or decrease in ventilation without metabolic change
Hyper causes alkalosis kidney compensated by retaining h+ and excreting hco3-
And in hypo acidosis occurs so kidney retain hco3- and excrete h+ (get rid of ) and retain hco3-
Renal failure results in acidosis and vomiting causes alkalosis
Chemical equation
Hco3- + h+ >< h2co3>
Ventilation
Movement of air in and out of lungs
Tidal volume
Air taken in and out with each breath
Minute volume\pulmonary ventilation
Volume of air entering and leaving yeh lungs each minute
Respiratory rate
Number of breaths per minute
Vital capacity
Volume of maximum expiration after maximum inspiration
Residual volume
Air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
Inspiratory capacity
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserves volume
Vital capacity
Inspiratory capacity + expiratory reserved volume
Functional residual capacity
Exploratory reserved volume + residual volume
Measuring ventilation
Spirometer used to measure ventilation, you breathe through a mouthpiece and fill a drum with air causing Iyar to float and u record how high it floats
Helium dilution is same but dissolved in helium used to measure residual volume and functional residual capacity
Mini peak flow meter measures peak expiratory flow rate
Emphysema and copd have increased residual volumes
Dead space
Two types
Anatomical= normal non changing parts of airways
Physiological= ADS and volume of alveoli with insufficient blood supply
Pleura and recess
Continuous membranes visceral covers surface of the lungs parietal is further out and covers pulmonary cavities
Spaces between visceral and costal pleura allowing lungs to expand into them when inspiring and retreat when expiring
Surfaces of lungs
Apex (uppermost) Diaphragmatic surface (lowest) Costal surface (area in contact with ribs Mediastinal surface (medial surface surrounding mediastinum) Hilum/hilus (point on mediastinal surface at which structures leave enter the lung)(and all pulmonary vessels)
Borders of lungs and fissures
Anterior
Posterior
Inferior
Cardiac notch (indent space for heart)
Lingual (process on left which extends below cardiac notch )
Right has two fissures and three lobes (horizontal and oblique) and left and one fissure row lobes
Boundaries of mediastinum
Thoracic inlet (root of neck)
Diaphragm
Mediastinal pleura
Chemoreceptor types
Central (in medulla)
Regulates ph in spinal fluid and co2 levels in blood
Peripheral (carotid artery and aortic arch)
Monitor arterial o2 and co2 levels
Restrictive Paul monarch disorders affect what capacity
Total lung capacity
Normal fev1/fvc ratio vs restrictive and obstructive
70%
75=restrictive
58= obstructive
