Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Sex And Reproduction 💘 > Flashcards

Sex And Reproduction 💘 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Stages of sex- arousal/ excitement

A

Raised bp pulse respiratory rate flushing nipple erect ion genital and pelvic vascular engorgement
Vagina lubrication vasocongestion of vaginal walls erection of clitoris and labia
Scrotum thickens and testes rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Plateau

A

Period of excitement prior to orgasm
Increased hr bp muscle tension etc
Sense of impending orgasm can last up to three minutes
Females orgasmic platform, bartholin secretions
Makes urethral sphincter contracts to prevent urine mixing with Semen and retrograde ejaculation pre ejaculatory fluid (cowpers gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Orgasm

A

Conclusion of plateau release of sexual tension and endorphins quick cycles of muscle contractions euphoric sensation
Peak pr bp reap flush etc
Females 5-12 muscle contractions and increased vaginal secretions
Male ejaculate 3-6 contractions of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Resolution

A

Relaxation make have compulsory refractory period
Pr bp falls drowsiness
Females blood vessels dilate pelvic organs drain cervix opens sand drops into vagina
Makes everything relaxes and testes drop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Effects of aging

A

Delayed erections less firm longer excitement stage more stimulation needed less ejaculation with less semen
Females reduced lubrications and muscle tension and libido may need hrt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypoactive

Sexual desire

A

Lifelong generalized is never having desire
Situational is no sexual interest in ur partner but want sexual stimulation
Acquired generalized is previously having sexual interest but not don’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vaginismus

A

Can’t achieve penetration due to muscle spasm
May be due to abuse anxiety pain and phobia
Need vagina trainers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Female anorgasmia

A

Delay/ abscence of orgasm

Unmet needs poor technique can be normal for them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Premature ejaculation

A

Performance anxiety
Usually younger men
Psychological and drug treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A

Due to drugs alcohol hiv etc

Treated with injections pellets prostheses pumps psychological pherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Make orgasmic disorder

A

Delay/ abscence of ejaculation sexual trauma hostility lack of trust
Psychological management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gene that gives male characteristics

A

SRY box/gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gonad formation

A

Form from potential primordia and form either side of dorsal aorta Form from somatic tissue genital ridge primordia
These cells produce chemoattractant primordial germ cells from the allontois
PGCs migrate along hindgut and populate femoral ridge by week 6
Two mesenchymal knots at either side of aorta
Most pgcs at developing kidney region by day 30
Coelemic epithelia migrate as columns- primitive sex cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gonad differentiation

A

I’m males pgcs colonize medulla in females the cortex
So medulla develops into a testis and cortex degenerates in males
and in females the cortex develops into an ovary and medulla degenerates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Male and female cell differences

A

Males form leydig cells vascular tissue and myoid cells from which tubule of rete blastema and rete testis
Females form theca cells and vascular tissue
None of the cells in both sexes express sry
Mesonephric primordia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pgcs in the sexes

A

Males : pgcs encase in sex cords and cease mitosis
Females : surrounded by granulosa and enter meiosis forming oocytes
Amh and androgen essential for male development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The ducts

A

Males wolffian duct develops into epididymis vas deferens and c and Müllerian ducts degenerate
In female Müllerian ducts develop into oviducts and uterus and wolffian duct degenerates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Turners syndrome

A

Unpaired X chromosome
has ovaries but infertile
Woman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Klinfelters syndrome

A

Extra sec chromosome
Xxy
Has testes but infertile
Man

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Androgen secrets but no androgen receptors
Xy but phenotypically female and infertile
No internal genitalia testes present testosterone produced
However some become phenotypically male at puberty
Clitoris expands into penis and testes descend so function as normal males
As sometimes rising androgen levels can overcome tissue insensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

Xx fetal adrenals hyperactive yo overcome low production of corticosteroids
Both sec ducts retained so external male genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sry chain

A 
SRY
SOX9 inhibits fox12
PGD2->FGF9
AMH
SOX 9 is a transcription factor absence results in person having both ovaries and testes ovotestis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

FOX12 becomes

A

Wnt4

Granulosa cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

First mitotic stage of oogenesis

A

Diplotene into germinal vesicles

They then reside as primary oocytes in the primary follicle and are surrounded by granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Folliculogenesis

A

Starts with primordial follicle which is a primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of granulosa cells and has supporting mesenchymal cells and surrounded by membrane propria
Takes 70+ days to become primary follicle and wiki have zona pellucida
Then preantral with multiple layers of granulosa
Then early Antral which has antral cavity
The mature follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Follivulogenesis order

A 
Primordial follicle 
Primary follicle 
Preantral follicle 
Early antral follicle 
Nature follicle
27
Q

Gnrh lh fsh action

A

Hypothalamus releases gnrh causing Anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and
LH acts on theca interna which has LH receptors causing androgens to be made
FSH acts on granulosa cells and androgen aromatase is made

28
Q

Androgens get converted into

A

Androgen aromatase which converts into oestrogen
Increase in plasma estrogen inhibits hypothalamus and anterior pituitary secreting further
Androgen also produces amh to increase growth of granulosa cells
Increase estrogen levels causes granulosa cells to also express lh receptors and anterior pituitary secretion increased so lh levels increase and acts on both cells to trigger ovulation

29
Q

At lh surge

A

Oocytes resume meiosis and go through a division called nuclear maturation
Secondary meiosis begins and oocytes arrest at metaphase

30
Q

Cytoplasmic maturation

A

Cytoplasm reorganized
Mitochondria and cortical granules relocate to periphery
Associated granulosa cells called cumulus go under expansion

31
Q

Ovulation

A

Day 14
Outer walls swell rapidly stigma forms viscous fluid oozes
Stigma ruptures viscous fluid envaginates carrying ovum and mass of granulosa cells
Lh acts on granulosa and theca converting them to produce progesterone
Estrogen secretion begins to fall prior to ovulation whilst progesterone secretion rises

32
Q

Uterine cycle stages

A

Menstrual phase -shedding of uterine lining
Proliferative phase- endometrium and myometrium regrow and prepare for possible pregnancy
Secretory phase- blood supply remodeled cervical secretions change. Supported by progesterone.

33
Q

Secretory phase

A

blood supply remodeled cervical secretions change.
Supported by progesterone.
Estrogen and progesterone produced by corpus luteum estrogen reduces proliferation progesterone causes swelling and secretion.
Ready for implantation

34
Q

Menopausal symptoms

A 
Hot flushes 
Mebstrual irregularity 
Mood swings 
Fatigue 
Dry skin
35
Q

Hormone replacement therapy

A

Can he given as pills patches creams

Oestrogen alone can cause endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma so usually prescribes with progesterone

36
Q

Risks and benefits of hormone treatment

A

Benefits are relief of symptoms osteoporosis prevention protection against colon cancer and cardiac disease(younger)
Risks include thrombosis uterine cancer breast cancer Alzheimer’s and cardiac disease (older)

37
Q

Adrenal he

A

Adrenal development towards puberty

38
Q

Thelarche

A

Breast development in puberty

39
Q

Pubarche

A

Pubic hair development in puberty

40
Q

Menarche

A

First menstrual period

The higher ur weight the quicker u get it

41
Q

Menopause

A

Last menstrual bleed

42
Q

Perimenopause

A

12 months before and after menopause

43
Q

Postmenopause

A

Life after menopause

44
Q

Climacteric

A

Life leading up to the last menstrual bleed

45
Q

Precocious puberty

A

Getting period below age of nine

Result of cerebral tumors congenital adrenal hyperplasia ovarian tumors or drugs

46
Q

Delayed puberty

A

Getting period above age of 16

Can be due to athleticness congenital abnormalities or chromosome abnormalities

47
Q

Which part of the penis fills with blood during an erection

A

Corpus cavernosum

48
Q

Layers of uterine lining

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

49
Q

Most common site of carcinoma in prostate

A

Peripheral zone

50
Q

Which hormone causes musculation of embryo

A

Anti Müllerian hormone causes regression of Müllerian ducts

51
Q

First stage of spermatogenesis

A

5 mitotic divisions
Spermatogonium type a1 becomes a2 a2 divides into a3 then into a4 then into intermediate spermatogonium then into type b then the testing primary spermatocyte

52
Q

After sperm mitosis

A

Then undergoes meiosis after entering that adluminal compartment primary spermatocyte produces secondary spermatocytes in meiosis one, then undergoes meiosis to producing early spermatids

53
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

Early spermatids> late spermatids> spermatozoa
Spermatids change from round to elongated.
Golgi apparatus gives rise to granules which form the acrosome vesical which grows over the nuclear surface like a cap .
The centrioles lie at the opposite end

54
Q

The centrioles lie at apposite end then what

A

Pole of spermatid and form the distal centriole and microtubule flagellum forms. Proximal centriole forms neck which joins to tail and head. Nucleus and acrosome Move to membrane causing elongation and the chromatin condenses. Superfluous nuclear membrane and nucleoplasm is lost. The mitochondria is moved to surround the mid-piece of the flagellum and as sperm is hatched excess cytoplasm is pinched off

55
Q

Oligozoospermia

A

Low sperm count

56
Q

Aspermia

A

Complete absence of sperm retrograde ejaculation

57
Q

Azoospermia

A

No sperm due to genetic, chemo, or dysfunction of hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis

58
Q

Asthenozoospermia

A

Low motility

59
Q

Teratospermia

A

Abnormal morphology

Eg globospermia- rounded heads- no acrosome

60
Q

Male endocrinology

A

LH stimulates leydig cells which produce testosterone.
Testosterone the negatively feedbacks on the hypothalamus reducing LH.
FSH binds to receptors on Sertoli cells.
Testosterone then rapidly enters the blood and lymph and is converted into dihydrotestosterone in sertoli cells and binds to androgen receptors which is essential for Sertoli cell function

61
Q

Semen

A

Contains sperm fructose citric acid and inositosol prostaglandins and more

62
Q

Enlarged prostate

A

Due to a benign prostate hyperplasia or prostate cancer. Can be treated with GNRH antagonist e.g. gaserelin in androgen receptor antagonist e.g. bicalutamide reductase inhibitor e.g. finasteride

63
Q

Erection

A

Sensory stimulation occurs which causes nitrogen oxide to be converted into SGC which is a catalyst for the conversion of GTP to see GMP this causes vasodilation PDE5 makes it flaccid again by inhibiting CGMP which causes vasoconstriction . Too much PD5 can cause erectile dysfunction

64
Q

Erectile dysfunction treatments

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors e.g. sildenafil E1 agonists e.g. alprostadil, dopamine receptor agonist e.g. apomorphine

Biology (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions