Metabolism And Nutrition💘 Flashcards
Metabolism is
The sum of physical and chemical changes that happen in body tissues
Two types of metabolism and their definitions
Catabolism=breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
Anabolism converting smaller molecules into larger molecules
Glycolysis part one
Pyruvate and link
I’m cytoplasm
Glucose (6C) converted into pyruvate (3C) and if needs to be, lactate
Net yield is 2atps and 2nadh
Pyruvate and Nadh enter the mitochondria and are converted into acetylcoA fro entry into the TCA/ Krebs cycle
Glycolysis pt 2 (tca)
Energy required for atp synthesis is released by removal of pairs of hydrogen from intermediates in TCA cycle
These hydrogens in form of protons (h+) and electrons are used to reduce nad+ and fad+ into nadh and fadh2
Glycolysis pt3 (ETC and ox pho)
Nadh and fadh go through a series of redox reactions via electron carriers in the ETC
The movement of electrons sets a proton gradient across the inner membrane (Cristae)
Movement or protons down gradient drive ATPsynthse enzyme resulting in atp being made oxygen is the final electron acceptor making h2o with the h+
32 miles of atp made
Anaerobic glycolysis
When there is a lack of oxygen Pyruvate is converted into lactate with the regeneration of nad+
Lactate may be oxidised back into Pyruvate or turned into glucose/ glycogen in the liver (cori cycle)
What’s gluconeogenesis
Formation of glucose from non carbohydrate substances eg amino acids glycerol and glycogen etc
Lipid metabolism (ly poly sis)
Lipase enzymes break down lipid into glycerol and fatty acids
Triglyceride>Diglyceride>monoglycrride>glycerol and three fatty acid chains
Insulin triggers reverse which is lipogenesis
Lipid metabolism pt2 transport
Fatty acids transported into mitochondria and matrix of adipose cells via carrier proteins and are oxidised into acetyl coA using fatty acid spiral/beta oxidation
Acetyl coA is then converted into ATP co2 and h20 via TCA CYCLE and ETC
Glycerol (3c) is converted into dihudroxyacetone phosphate
Lipid metabolism pt3
Hydroxy acetone is metabolised into one of two possiblecompounds one of the mm being pyruvic acid which can be used in glycolysis pathway to make energy
Amino acid metabolism
Transamination: where an amino group is removed from an amino acid resulting in an alpha Keto being produced
Nh3 taken up by ALPHAKETOGLUTARATE to form GLUTAMATE
NH3 then removed to reach with h+ to form nh4+
and enter the UREA CYCLE as ammonia is toxic
Blood glucose too high
Beta cells in pancreas detect change and cause hormone insulin to be secreted insulin will:
Insulin attaches to receptors on target cells changing their tertiary structure of the channel proteins so they take more glucose up via facilitated diffusion
More protein channels are incorporated into cell membranes
Activating enzymes which convert glucose into glycogen resulting in glycogenesis in the liver
Blood glucose too high
Alpha cells in pancreas detect change and secrete glucagon glucagon will:
Attach to receptors on surfaces of target cells
Protein being activated into ADENYLATE CYCLASE and to convert atp into a molecule called cAMP
cAMP activated protein kinase converting glycogen into glucose
Activate enzymes involved in converting glycerol and amino acids into glucose
Adrenaline in glucose production
Adrenaline also produces glucose by binding to receptors on target cells causing atp being converted to cAMP
cAMP activates protein kinase which hydrolyses glycogen into glucose
Hypoglycaemia
Low blood sugar
Symptoms include dizziness fatigue coma sweatiness
