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Biology > Blood💘 > Flashcards

Blood💘 Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s is plasma and serum

A

Plasma is yellow coloured non clotted liquid mate up of 93% water 7% plasma proteins
Serum is plasma devoid of clotting factors

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2
Q

Blood cell production

A

Haematopoiesis
Occurs in bone marrow
Rbcs migrate into blood WBC’s migrate into peripheral tissues and lymphoid organs
Controlled by cytokines and growth factors eg EPO TPO IL SCF
Kidney cells detect change in blood oxygen and release EPO into blood which regulates erythropiesis by binding to its receptor in progenitor cells

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3
Q

Harmatopiesis order (common myeloid path

A 
Haemopoietic stem cell 
Multi potent progenitor 
Common myeloid 
Becomes either
Megakaryocyte
erythrocyte 
Mast cell 
Myeloblast> blood cells BNEM
M FOR MONOCYTES BECOMES EITHER MACROPHAGE OR DENDRITIC CELL
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4
Q

Haematopoiesis order (Common lymphoid path)

A 
HSC
MPP
Common lymphoid progenitor 
Becomes either natural killer cell
Or small lymphocyte> T cell or B cell> plasma cell B
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5
Q

RBC life span

A

120 days
Don’t repair
Aged cells removed by macrophages of spleen

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6
Q

Haemoglobin digestion and structure

A

Two alpha to beta subunits
Made from iron and poryphyrin ring
Iron transported to bone marrow via transferrin for RBC production
Poryphrin ring excreted via digestive urinary tract
Bilirubin via urine bilidervin via faeces

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7
Q

Blood tests

A

Haematocrit is when u centrifuge a blood sample
Eg full blood count
WBC subsets are determined by flow cytometry due to differential cellular properties

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8
Q

Haematopaoises before hearth sites

A

In embryo it occurs in yolk sac

In fetus it’s in liver

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9
Q

Innate immune cells vs adaptive immune cells

A

Innate:neutrophils eosinophils basophils monocytes nk cells

Lymphocytes are adaptive

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10
Q

Platelets

A 
Also known as thrombocytes
30% stored in spleen
Production regulated by TPO 
1 megakaryocyte can make 5000 platelets 
Contain three types of granules dense lambda and alpha
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11
Q

Life span of neutrophil

A

18hrs

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12
Q

Lifespan of basophils

A

1-2 days

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13
Q

Life span of natural killer cell

A

14 days

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14
Q

Life span of platelets

A

5-9 days

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15
Q

Anemia

A

Reduced number of rbcs or haemoglobin causing reduced oxygen delivery to tissues
Causes weakness shortness of breath thirst etc

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16
Q

EPOand tissue oxygenation relationship

A

Inversely related

Can increase up to 1000% in anaemia

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17
Q

Condition affecting erythropiseis in bone marrow

Condition affecting other cell types

A

Pure red cell aplasia eg diamond black fan anemia (rare one per 5mil)
Pancytopneia

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18
Q

Haemolytic anaemia

A

Due to extrinsic or intrinsic factors
Extrinsic is immune mediated eg autoimmune haemolytic anaemia AIHA
There’s idiopathic AIHA or secondary (eg due to leukaemia or arthritis etc)

19
Q

Haemoglobinpathy

A

Autosomal codominant genetic defects causing abnormal structure in global chains
Sickle cell most common beta glob in gene mutation
Abnormal shape affecting movement oxygen carrying ang increased haemolysis

20
Q

Other anaemia

A

Iron deficiency
Vitamin b12 and b6\ folate deficiency (regulator of haem production)
Thalassemia (reduction in number of alpha or beta glob in chain)

21
Q

MCV

A

Size of RBC
Low is microcytic (due to iron defined toe thalessemua)
Normal is normocytic (haemolytic anaemia or bone marrow disorders)
High is macrocytic (vitamin or folic acid deficiencies liver disease etc)

22
Q

Blood types

A

A B O AB are carb structures on rbc membrane glycolipids +glycoproteins
Genes that encode these are glycosyltransferase
Type a is acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
Type b is galactosyltransferase and type o has none
Encoded by one gene on chromosome 9
AB codominant o recessive

23
Q

Rhd antigens

A

Five antigens D C c E e D most immunogenic in
encoded by genes RHD and RHCE
Can be homozygous for RHD (2 copies) or hemizygous (1 copy) all express d antigen
Individuals are RHD+ or RHD- (both copies deleted)
Causes a+ a- etc
If RH- mother has RH+ baby she produces antibodies for RH next time she has RH+ baby these antibodies will attack babies rbcs called Rhesus disease

24
Q

Genetic anaemia

A

Glutamic acid position 6 replaced by valine in HBB gene one copy is sickle cell trait
Similar in thalessemia but can happen in any chain

25
Q

Blood haemostasis

A

Maintaining blood flow within the vasculature

Forming blood clot but still maintaining blood flow

26
Q

Thrombosis

A

Restricting or blocking causing hypoxia and tissue damage

Thrombi can also dislodge causing embolisation

27
Q

Three stages of haemostasis

A

Vascular spasm- damaged blood vessels construct reducing blood flow to damaged area
Platelet plug formation- platelets binding to damaged vessel wall
Coagulation- stable clot forms forming fibrinogen to fibrin

28
Q

Platelets

A

Small fragments of megakaryocyte cytoplasm

Contains membrane proteins secretory granules and surface connected open cannalicular system

29
Q

How are old platelets destroyed

A

By Kupffer cells in liver

30
Q

What does an alpha granule contain

A

Adhesive proteins eg fibrinogen
Platelet specific proteins eg PDGF
Membrane proteins (glycoproteins)
Specific protein- p selectin

31
Q

What do sense granules contain

A

Vasoconstrictive agents (serotonin)
Platelet agonists (ADP ATP)
Calcium
Magnesium

32
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

Gp1b on platelet binds to von wilebrand factor
Blood flow rolls platelet along promoting more GPlb/vwf associations creating firmer adhesion
Causing platelet activation
Granule release
Conformational changes in adhesion molecules
Strong adhesion shape change
Further activation
Plug made by platelet mono layer which releases platelet agonists such as as thromboxane, fibrinogen recruiting further platelets
Recruited platelets change shape allowing mor platelet interactions and fibrinogen cross bridges

33
Q

Coagulation cascade

A

Has two pathways extrinsic (triggered by trauma) and intrinsic (internal damage to vessels
Coagulation factors are a group of zygomens (inactive precursors of enzymes)

34
Q

Bleeding disorders

A

Thrombocytopenia- low platelets autoimmune condition
Glanzmanns thrombasthenia- autosomal recessive bleeding syndrome affecting megakaryocyte lineage and characterized by lack of platelet aggregation
Haemophilia- recessive x linked due to changes in clotting proteins type a due to deficiency in FVIII b due to FIX
Causes bleeding and pain in joints

35
Q

Antithromhotic Drugs

A

Aspirin- inhibits COX 1 key enzyme in thromboxane generation
ADP receptor agonists - prevents blockage of coronary artery stents eg clopidogrel
Anti coagulants - heparin (increases anti thromboxane) and warfarin (vitamin k inhibited needed for the thromboxane stuff)

36
Q

Lab tests for platelet and coagulation

A

Platelet aggregometry platelet rich plasma and agonist in tube use light machine yo see how much light shines through (chromatography?)
Coagulation tests- no cells in plasma mixed rapidly with reagents should form gel time how long it takes for ball to stop moving

37
Q

Parietal cells release

A

Intrinsic factor

38
Q

Heridatry sphercityosis test

A

Coombs test

39
Q

G6pdhw anaemia test

A

Heinz bodies

40
Q

Intrinsic order

A 
12
11
9
8
10
5
2
1
41
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A 
3
7
10
5
2
1
42
Q

What factor is thrombin and pro thrombin

A

Factor 2 (prothrombin) factor 2a (thrombin)

43
Q

Clot retraction and repair

A

Platelet contraction pulls ruptured edges of vessels together
Platelet derived growth factor released which repairs any damage eg smooth muscle or tissue damage
Vascular endothelial growth factor regenerates endothelial lining

Biology (39 decks)

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