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Biology > Nervous System 💘 > Flashcards

Nervous System 💘 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Somatic vs visceral

A

Somatic is voluntary control (PNS)

Visceral is involuntary control (PNS &CNS)

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2
Q

Cell bodies and axons

A

Found in grey matter (cns) and form connections with ganglia (pns)
Axons found in tracts within white matter (cns) bungle together to form nerves (PNS)

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3
Q

Main sulci and gyri

A

The central sulcus divides frontal and parietal lobes a lateral fissure separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobe
anterior to central sulcus is precentral gyrus which is motor cortex
posterion is postcentral gyrus which is sensory cortex

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4
Q

Plexus formation

A 
Rootless 
Root
Spinal nerve
Rami ramus
Plexus
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5
Q

Dermatomes and myatomes

A

Derma is area of skin supplied by nerves

Myo is muscles

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6
Q

Lesion

A

A region in an organ or tissue which had suffered damage through injury or disease

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7
Q

Neurulation

A

Notochord induces differentiation of overlying ectoderm forming nerurectoderm and neural plate
Proliferation and somite formation from paraxial mesoderm
Neural plate then folds over and closes forming neural tube
Notochord becomes nucleus pulposus

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8
Q

Neurulation pt2

A

Somite zips up and there’s caudal and cranial neuropore
Cranial close on day 25 and become laminate terminalis
Causal closes day 27
Rostral becomes brain
Causal becomes spinal cord
Lumen becomes ventricular system of cns

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9
Q

Three primary brain vesicles

A

Forebrain prosenCephalon midbrain mesenCephalon hindbrain rhombencephalon for brain splits into telencephalon > cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon becomes the thalami
Mesencephalon becomes midbrain
hindbrain becomes metencephalon which becomes pons and Cerebellum
Myelencephalon beckmes medulla
So 5 secondary vesicles

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10
Q

The cavities and what they form

A

Central hemisphere> lateral ventricles
Thalami etc >third ventricle
Midbrain >cerebral aqueduct
Pons and cerebellum >superior part of fourth ventricle medulla is inferior part

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11
Q

Spinal cord formation

A

Neural tube thickens
Three zones matrix mantle and marginal
Matrix zone produces pluripotent epithelial cells
Neuroblasts surrounding this layer is mantle zone (future grey matter)
Neuroblast axons project to marginal zone (future white matter)

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12
Q

Spinal cord formation pt2

A

Sulcus limitans separates alar and basal plates
Alar plate does doros lateral thickening,sensory function,receives axons from dorsal root ganglion and becomes dorsal horn
Basal plate does ventrolateral thickening, motor function, motor neuroblasts of ventral and lateral horns and becomes central horn
Autonomic zone between two plates

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13
Q

Cranial nerve development

A

Neural crest cells differentiate from neurectoderm
Migrate through embryo
Further differentiate into pharyngeal arch connective tissue bones of neurocranium etc

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14
Q

Nerves of pharyngeal arches

A

1=trigeminal
2=facial
3=glossopharyngeal
4 and 6 is vagus nerve

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15
Q

Resting state

A

-70mv

Voltage gated na+ and k+ channels are closed

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16
Q

Depolarizing state

A

-55mv
Threshold at axon hillock
Voltage gated na channels open so na flows in cell

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17
Q

Repolarisation

A

Absolute refractory period
40mv
K+ channels open so k flows out
Inactivation na gate closes

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18
Q

After hyperopolarizatjon

A

Relative refractory period
-80mv
K channels stay open and na channels still closed

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19
Q

Conduction in unmyelimated Axon

A

Sodium enters axon Hillock locally depolarizes adjacent regions opening more sodium channels causing action potential. Previous gates closed so current only flows in one direction

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20
Q

Conduction in myelinated axon

A

Sodium enters axon hillock depolarizes Myelin sheath insulates preventing ion leakage
sodium and potassium channels concentrated only at notes of Ranvier they refresh action potential causing it to jump from one oat to another and this is called saltatory conduction

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21
Q

Resting potential and why

A

-70mv
Outside of cell more positive inside more negative
Due to low negative protein permeability
Sodium potassium pump (3na out 2k in)
And high potassium permeability so passive transport and also k leak channels

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22
Q

Axon conduction velocity depends on

A

Axon diameter and myelination
Unmyelinated better for small axons velocity is square root diameter
Myelinated better for larger diameter as velocity is linear with diameter

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23
Q

Carbamazepine effect

A

Prolongs inactive state of na channel and absolute refractory period

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24
Q

tDCS transcranial direct current stimulation

A

Affects cortical excitability

anodal and cathodal

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25
Q

Tetrodoxin effect

A

Sodium channel blocker

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26
Q

An aesthetic

A

Block voltage gated sodium channels
Esters more commonly used
Affects small diameter neurons

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27
Q

Primary afferent fivres

A

Large diameter
Rapidly conducting
Alpha and beta fibres
Low threshold mechanoreceptors eg touch
Small diamete are slow conduction
Alpha delta and c fibres
Associated with nociceptors and thermoreceptors (polymodal is c rest is other )

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28
Q

Layer of meninges

A

Dura mater arachnoid mater and pia mater

Cerebrospinal fluid runs in su arachnoid space

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29
Q

Ventral white commissure

A

Bundle of fibres that cross midline of spinal cord

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30
Q

Funiculi

A

Bundle of tracts (axons) within white matter of spinal cord

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31
Q

Ipsilateral and contralateral

A

Same side of body

Opposite side of body

32
Q

Dorsal column pathway

A

Senses discriminative touch
Primary neuron: sensory receptors > gracile or cuneate nucleus in medulla
Secondary neuron:medulla >decussate to form the medial lemniscus pathway >thalamus
Tertiary neuron: thalamus>somatosensory cortex

33
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Crude touch
First neuron: sensory receptors >rise one to two segments in dorsolateral fasiculus
Second neuron : df> decussate to contra lateral ventrolateral fasiculus> thalamus
Third neuron: thalamus > somatosensory cortex

34
Q

Dorsal and spino difference

A

Lemniscal decussation in medulla

Spinothalamic at every spinal level

35
Q

Dorsolateral and ventromedial supplies

A

Dorsal is distal muscles elbow and knee down

Ventrolateral supplies elbows and knees up and trunk muscles and controls posture and movement correction

36
Q

Ventromedial pathways

A

Reticulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract

37
Q

Dorsolateral pathways

A

Rubrospinal tract

Corticospinal tract

38
Q

Reticulospinal tract

A

Primary neurons arise from pons and medullary reticular formation
Remain ipsilateral and polysegmental
Synapse with LMN in medial aspect of ventral horn.

39
Q

Tectospinal tract

A

Primary neurons arise from superior colliculi
Desiccate in midbrain
synapse with the lower motor neurons in the cervical spinal cord

40
Q

Vestibulospinal tract

A

Primary neurons arise from vestibular nuclei
Remains ipsilateral medial
Stops at cervical
Lateral at all spinal segments
Synapse with lmn in medial aspect of ventral horn

41
Q

Runrospinal tract

A

Originates in red nucleus of midbrain and dessucates in midbrain

42
Q

Corticospinal tracts

A

Primary neurons arise from primary motor pre motor and sensory cortex
Most drssucate below pyramids rest ipsilateral
Synapse with lmn in ventral horn at all spinal segments

43
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Single synapses between muscle sensory fibre and alpha motor neuron sensory fibre activation quickly activates the alpha motor neuron contracting muscle fibres

44
Q

Muscle neurons

A

Muscle spindle runs parallel with muscle
la sensory neurons and Y motor neuron innervates the muscle fibres
Stretching muscle spindle causes increase in la afferebt activity
Gamma Y neuron accommodates length of muscle

45
Q

Knee jerk reflex

A

Tap patella tendon
Activates la muscle spindle causing (intrafusal muscle detect the signal)
(Extrafusal contract) impulses to travel to spinal cord release ach and cause contraction

46
Q

Stretch reflex

A

When agonist contracts antagonist muscle inhibited so relaxed

47
Q

Inverse stretch reflex

A

Golgi tendon had lb afferent and sends sensory info to spinal cord in dorsal horn
Synapses with inhibitory inter neuron which inhibits alpha motor neuron relaxing muscle

48
Q

Umn lesions

A

Muscle weakness
Increased tone
Exaggerated reflexes
Babinski sign

49
Q

Lmn lesions

A 
Muscle weakness 
Reduces tone 
Absent reflexes 
Muscle atrophy 
Muscle fasiculation
50
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates ongoing movements
Detects motor error
Stores learned movements
Improve accuracy of movement

51
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Selection/initiation of voluntary movements

Improve accuracy of movement

52
Q

Cerebellum divisions

A

Cerebrocerbellum (inputs from cerebral cortex) regulates high skill movement
Spinocerebellum (inputs from spinal cord) lateral part for distal muscle movement central part (vermis) for proximal muscle movement
Vestibulocerebellum (inputs from vestibular nuclei) includes nodulus and floculus involved in movements underlying posture and balance

53
Q

Peduncles and the pathway

A

Superior is efferent
Middle is afferent
Inferior is both

54
Q

Motor and sensory sides

A

Motor is from opposite side sensory is same side

55
Q

The nuclei in cerebellar divisions

A

Cerebro is dentate nucleus
Spinal is interposed and fastigal
Vestibulo is fastigal or direct nucleus

56
Q

Deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Major output structures

Relay info to motor cortex and brainstem for corrections in movement

57
Q

Direct pathway

A

Globulus pallidus inhibits thalamus reducing excitation of motor cortex command from cerebral cortex
excite straitum inhibits GP
allow thalamus to excite motor cortex initiating movement substantia nigra facilitatesdirect pathway via D1 receptors in striatum

58
Q

Indirect pathway

A

Excite striatum
Inhibits gp external
Subthalamic nucleus inhibited so excites gp internal which inhibits the thalamus
Less excitation of motor cortex inhibiting movement
SN directs pathway via d2 receptors in striatum

59
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Degeneration of neurons is substantia nigra that project to striatum
Decrease on dopamine
Decreased direct and increased indirect pathway
Treated with l dopa and dopamine agonists

60
Q

TRAP Parkinson’s

A

Tremor
Rigidity
Akinesia ( reduced movement)
Postural problems

61
Q

Spinocerebellar pathway

A

Travels from lateral spinal cord to cerebellum
Primary neuron from muscle/joint receptors
Synapses in dorsal horn with secondary neuron ascends ipsilaterally and enters cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle
For unconscious proprioception and coordination of movements

62
Q

Dentatothalamic pathway

A

Travel from dentate nucleus in the cerebellum to the thalamus while providing collateral branches to the red nucleus
Fibres terminate in cortex
Cordinates and controls movement while communicating with motor cortex

63
Q

Disruption to arterial cerebral supply

A

Anterior cerebral: contra lateral limb weakness eg paralysis
Contralateral sensory deficit
Lower limbs impacted more than upper
Middle: as above but sensory LOSS and lower limbs affected more
Posterior: contralateral problems with vision severe blockages may cause hemiparesis and sensory deficits

64
Q

Blood supply to brain

A

Internal carotid gives off a middle anterior and posterior cerebral artery
Posterior communicating joins them together
Middle cerebral supplies lateral sides anterior supplies medial and superior posterior supplies posterior

65
Q

Sinuses in brain

A 
Sinuses drain into internal jugular vein
Posteriorly: 
Superior and inferior Sagittal sinus 
Straight sinus 
A confluence of sinuses 
Transverse and sigmoid sinus 
Anywriorly there is Superior and inferior  petrosal  and covernous
66
Q

Lesion in primary motor cortex

A

Contralateral flaccid paralysis
Partial recovery
Babinskis

67
Q

Supplementary motor cortex lesion

A

Contralateral splasticity and deep tendon reflexes

68
Q

Lesion in frontal eye field

A

Difficulty moving eyes to opposite side

69
Q

Primary and secondary somato sensory cortex lesion

A

Lose touch pressure and proprioception in secondary area there is decreased pain

70
Q

Supranational gyrus lesion

A

Tactile and proprioceptive Agnosia

Decreased left right discrimination contralateral hemi- neglect and apraxia

71
Q

Angular gyrus lesion

A

Dyslexia
alexia
agraphia

72
Q

Motor dorsolateral pathways

A

Lateral corticospinal

Rubrospinal

73
Q

Ventromedial pathways

A

Anterior corticospinal
Reticulospinal
Tectospinal
Vestibulospinal

74
Q

Conscious pathways sensory

A

DCP

Spinothalamic tract

75
Q

Unconscious pathways

A

Spinocerebellar
Spinotectal
Spinoreticular
Spino olivary

76
Q

Climbing fibres

A

Inferior olive

Biology (39 decks)

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