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Biology > Bones 💘 > Flashcards

Bones 💘 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Types of joints and examples

A 
Pivot eg atlantoaxial
Hinge eg humerounlar 
Saddle eg first carpometacarpal 
Plane eg intertarsal
Condyloid eg radiocarpal
Ball and socket eg hip
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2
Q

Muscles on back

A

Llicostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

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3
Q

Development of skeleton

A

Around 21-25 days there’s a zipping up of embryo creating an enclosed neural tube
Paired somites at each side of zip
Near ectoderm and neural tube there is neural crest cells which migrate from origin and spread out across entire body to form a diversity of different tissues
Rest of bones formed from mesoderm which becomes somites HOX genes specify identity of the vertebra

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4
Q

Limb development

A

Limb bud develops at 4-5 weeks
Most distal part of limb bud is apical ectodermal ridge which it cells release signals which help with patterning and interacting with signals from some of polarising activity
Zones determine segments and appropriate cartilaginous precursors for the bones

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5
Q

Osssification from cartilaginous precursor

A

Endochondral ossification
Cartilage grows and expands in all directions esp in young cartilage older ones only on outside
Chondrocytes need nutrients when cartilage gets to certain size so blood cells invade
Calcification of cartilage which ossifies and becomes bone

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6
Q

Ossification centres in long bone

A

Shaft/diaphysis
Epiphysis (near joint)
Separated by a layer of cartilage epiphysial growth plate where lengthening occurs

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7
Q

Cartilage supply and growth

A

No blood supply
Nourished by diffusion
Interstitial growth when young and apostotial growth when older

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8
Q

Epiphysis

A

Part of bone nearest to the joint

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9
Q

Physis

A

Epiphysial growth plate cartilaginous region between bones separates epiphysis from shaft of the bone

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10
Q

Metaphysis

A

Part of shaft where epiphysis is ossifying (wide part)

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11
Q

Diaphysis

A

Narrow central core of shaft

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12
Q

Long bone morphology

A

Compact and cancellous (trabecular) have outside rings called circumferential lamellar and smaller rings called osteon which have blood vessels in its central canal
Primary bone is woven and collagen fibres random then replaced by lamellar bone so fibres more parallel and in layers

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13
Q

Bone cells

A

Osteocytes maintain
Osteoblasts which build
Osteoclasts remove and clear bone
Cartilage is chondrocytes/blasts

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14
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Derived from mesenchyme and secrete organic matrix (osteoid) of bone and mineralise
Have processes which lay down ground substances and connect and communicate with other cells
once they become entombed by the processes they become osteocytes

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15
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Derived from precursor cells in blood
Dissolve bone with HCL
Pack organic and mineral debris into vesicles which pass through osteoclasts cell body into space above

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16
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Due to desorption and resorption being out of balance causing bone thinning and loss of mechanical integrity
Trabeculae

17
Q

Types of joint material

A

Fibrous joints syanthroses
Synovial joints diathroses
Cartilaginous joints ampiarthrosis
Synovial membrane is thin sheet of connective tissue which secretes synovial fluid for lubrication. Only joint with a cavity

18
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Synovial membrane being inflamed due to autoimmune disease

Osteoarthritis is articulate cartilage breaking down due to injury disease or age most common in highly used joints

19
Q

Fracture healing

A

Haemotoma
Superiosteal and endosteal cell proliferation
Ossifies to form woven bone called callus
Consolidation-woven to lamellar bone
Remodelling
Marrow cavity reforms

20
Q

Come remodelling functions and components

A

Mechanical support blood cell production calcium storage

Components are collagen matrix and organic cells

21
Q

Remodelling

A

Osteoclasts excavate a cavity within the bone

Osteoblasts produce osteoid and osteoclasts enter programmed cell death

22
Q

Calcium

A

Used for muscle contraction nerve conduction and blood clotting
Stored in hydroxyapatite crystals
Promoted by vitamin d
Resorbed In kidneys in response to PTH

23
Q

Phosphorous

A

Used in metabolic processes as ATP
85% in bone as hydroxyapatite crystals Absorbed in gut in response to vitamin d
excreted by kidneys in response to PTH

24
Q

Vitamin d

A

Vitamin D3 synthesised from skin or absorbed in gut along with d2 D3 and D2 undergo hydroxylation in liver producing 25 hydroxyvitamind the final hydroxylation and activation occur in kidneys catalysed by PTH resulting in formation of 125 hydroxyvitamin d

25
Q

1,25 hydroxyvitamin d

A

Increases serum calcium and phosphate and the absorption from intestine mobilises calcium and phosphate from bone
induces bone marrow monocytes to become osteoclast causing Resorption

26
Q

Parathyroid hormone PTH

A

Secreted by PT glands in neck in response to low calcium levels in Serum stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption and mobilising CA from bone
activates inactive vitamin D via hydroxylation in kidneys decreases renal calcium excretion increases renal production of 1250H2 vitamin D3 increases calcium and phosphate absorption in intestine via 1250H2 vitamin d3

27
Q

Calcitonin

A

Lowers calcium and phosphate levels release from parafollicular cells of thyroid in response to high calcium levels activates calcitonin receptors expressed by osteoclasts

28
Q

Oestrogen

A

Maintains bone mass reduces bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclasts lowers serum calcium and phosphate high oestrogen can have anabolic affects

29
Q

Androgens

A

Sex hormones such as testosterone decrease androgen link to lower bone density in man decreases bone
resorption by targeting osteoclasts androgen supplements increase bone density

30
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Reduced bone density increasing risk of fracture postmenopausal women most affected risk factors include age female early menopause hypothyroidism low BMI asymptomatic or routine DEXA scan do weight bearing exercise to prevent

31
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Due to failure of bone mineralisation cause structural change in bone matrix affects 50% in adults due to inadequate diet lack of sunlight malabsorption liver and kidney problems
causes bone and muscle pain paraesthesia weakness or a symptomatic can be prevented by supplement sun and education treated with vitamin d supplements and a blood test is used to diagnose

32
Q

124oh2 formation

A 
Sunlight 
UVB 
Vitamin d3
Liver makes it 25OHd3
25ohd1 alpha hydroxylase 
Kidneys make it 125oh2d3

Biology (39 decks)

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