Health And Society 💘 Flashcards
The sick role patient
Must want to get well as quickly as possible
Should seek professional medical advice and co operate with the doctor
Allowed to shed some normal activities and responsibilities
Regarded as being in need of care when unable to get better by his or her own decisions and will
The sick role doctor
Apply a high level of skill and knowledge
Act for welfare of patient and community rather than own self interest
Be objective and emotionally detached
Be guided by rules of professional practice
Criticisms of sick role
Ignores potential conflicts between
Patient and doctor values (eg homosexuality , abortion)
Best interests of patient as individual and the state
Best interest to individual and cost to society in allocation of resources eg smokers getting operations
Meta ethics
Study of the meaning of moral concepts eg what is right and what is wrong
Normative ethics (moral theory)
The study of the means of deciding what’s the right action
Applied ethics
Application of moral theory and principles to actual cases
Consequentialism
Moral based on consequences of action
Maximizes overall happiness or whether what you do is worthwhile
Duty based (deontology)
The morality of an action based on the actions adherence to rules or
Act may be right even if consequence is bad
Virtue ethics
Acting according to what the most virtuous person would do
Legal aspects of consent
Battery if a person touches another person without consent
Negligence the concept of failure to exercise charge
It’s the law
Stigma
Something which exists through social relations. The behavior and responses to specific characteristics
Labeling leads to stigma
Labeling theory
Process which describes labeling of people to control and identify deviant behavior
Enacted stigma
Discrimination by others
Felt stigma
The shame you feel as a result of stigma
Sense of shame and fear due to ones condition
Courtesy stigma
Felt by someone with someone who is stigmatized eg parent of autistic child
Cultural stereotyping
Impairment and learned helplessness
Mental illness and violence
Discreditable vs discrediting
Visible or hidden
Eg aids vs being in a wheelchair
Ascribes vs achieved
Based on traits beyond their control eg sex and race vs achieved (in control) deviance such as joining a gang
Results of stigma on individual
Passing eg alcoholic concealing drinking behavior at work can still experience felt stigma
Covering is reducing visibility and not disclosing- finding a solution eg wearing small hearing aid or using foundation to cover eczema
Withdrawal from social interactions
7 categories of dependence syndromes
Salience- substance takes priority over other behavior
Compulsion- sustained compulsion despite negative consequences
Tolerance
Withdrawal symptoms upon abstinence
Relief after abstinence
Narrowing or repertoire- neglect of other interests
Reinstatement upon abstinence- eg only takes one or two drinks to get addicted again
Issues with addiction other than dependence
Acute intoxication Harmful use Withdrawal state with or without delirium Psychotic disorder Amnesic syndrome
Factors that make a drug addictive
Pleasure producing potency
Rapid onset of action
Short duration of action
Tolerance and withdrawal
Paradigm shift
Thinking more about what might be the situation in the future based on genetics
Desire for mastectomies increase
Individual vs opportunity cost
Individual is the Hippocratic tradition on treating the patient and treating them as an individual
Opportunity cost is looking at entire budget constraint
Aspects of opportunity cost
Time
Overspending
Good medical practice (ensuring the treatments work)
6 difficulties when assessing best interest
Predicting future outcomes
Patients unable to communicate info relevant to them
Conflict between benefits of treatment and patients own ideas
Conflict between doctors viewed and patients views on best interest
Doctors views not reflected same way as patient
Emotional attachment may distort doctors views
Black report findings
Showed that overall health has improved since introduced welfare state but there is still widespread health in qualities
Main cause of these inequalities is economic inequality
Stepped wedge design
All groups receive an intervention but at different times
Eg immediately vs day after
Ecological study
Analyze populations and groups of people rather than individuals
Generalizability
Degree of which findings of a study can be applied to another external population
For market for blood
Blood no different from any other tradable product
Increase supply by removing obstacles from donors
Can offer financial rewards to improve donation
Against market for blood
Represses altruism
Lose sense of community
Subjects medicine to marketplace rules
Increased supply from poor and homeless if commercialized do may increase infection risk
