Health And Society 💘

Question 1

The sick role patient

Answer 1

Must want to get well as quickly as possible
Should seek professional medical advice and co operate with the doctor
Allowed to shed some normal activities and responsibilities
Regarded as being in need of care when unable to get better by his or her own decisions and will

Question 2

The sick role doctor

Answer 2

Apply a high level of skill and knowledge
Act for welfare of patient and community rather than own self interest
Be objective and emotionally detached
Be guided by rules of professional practice

Question 3

Criticisms of sick role

Answer 3

Ignores potential conflicts between
Patient and doctor values (eg homosexuality , abortion)
Best interests of patient as individual and the state
Best interest to individual and cost to society in allocation of resources eg smokers getting operations

Question 4

Meta ethics

Answer 4

Study of the meaning of moral concepts eg what is right and what is wrong

Question 5

Normative ethics (moral theory)

Answer 5

The study of the means of deciding what’s the right action

Question 6

Applied ethics

Answer 6

Application of moral theory and principles to actual cases

Question 7

Consequentialism

Answer 7

Moral based on consequences of action

Maximizes overall happiness or whether what you do is worthwhile

Question 8

Duty based (deontology)

Answer 8

The morality of an action based on the actions adherence to rules or
Act may be right even if consequence is bad

Question 9

Virtue ethics

Answer 9

Acting according to what the most virtuous person would do

Question 10

Legal aspects of consent

Answer 10

Battery if a person touches another person without consent
Negligence the concept of failure to exercise charge
It’s the law

Question 11

Stigma

Answer 11

Something which exists through social relations. The behavior and responses to specific characteristics
Labeling leads to stigma

Question 12

Labeling theory

Answer 12

Process which describes labeling of people to control and identify deviant behavior

Question 13

Enacted stigma

Answer 13

Discrimination by others

Question 14

Felt stigma

Answer 14

The shame you feel as a result of stigma

Sense of shame and fear due to ones condition

Question 15

Courtesy stigma

Answer 15

Felt by someone with someone who is stigmatized eg parent of autistic child

Question 16

Cultural stereotyping

Answer 16

Impairment and learned helplessness

Mental illness and violence

Question 17

Discreditable vs discrediting

Answer 17

Visible or hidden

Eg aids vs being in a wheelchair

Question 18

Ascribes vs achieved

Answer 18

Based on traits beyond their control eg sex and race vs achieved (in control) deviance such as joining a gang

Question 19

Results of stigma on individual

Answer 19

Passing eg alcoholic concealing drinking behavior at work can still experience felt stigma
Covering is reducing visibility and not disclosing- finding a solution eg wearing small hearing aid or using foundation to cover eczema
Withdrawal from social interactions

Question 20

7 categories of dependence syndromes

Answer 20

Salience- substance takes priority over other behavior
Compulsion- sustained compulsion despite negative consequences
Tolerance
Withdrawal symptoms upon abstinence
Relief after abstinence
Narrowing or repertoire- neglect of other interests
Reinstatement upon abstinence- eg only takes one or two drinks to get addicted again

Question 21

Issues with addiction other than dependence

Answer 21

Acute intoxication 
Harmful use 
Withdrawal state with or without delirium
Psychotic disorder 
Amnesic syndrome

Question 22

Factors that make a drug addictive

Answer 22

Pleasure producing potency
Rapid onset of action
Short duration of action
Tolerance and withdrawal

Question 23

Paradigm shift

Answer 23

Thinking more about what might be the situation in the future based on genetics
Desire for mastectomies increase

Question 24

Individual vs opportunity cost

Answer 24

Individual is the Hippocratic tradition on treating the patient and treating them as an individual
Opportunity cost is looking at entire budget constraint

Question 25

Aspects of opportunity cost

Answer 25

Time
Overspending
Good medical practice (ensuring the treatments work)

Question 26

6 difficulties when assessing best interest

Answer 26

Predicting future outcomes
Patients unable to communicate info relevant to them
Conflict between benefits of treatment and patients own ideas
Conflict between doctors viewed and patients views on best interest
Doctors views not reflected same way as patient
Emotional attachment may distort doctors views

Question 27

Black report findings

Answer 27

Showed that overall health has improved since introduced welfare state but there is still widespread health in qualities
Main cause of these inequalities is economic inequality

Question 28

Stepped wedge design

Answer 28

All groups receive an intervention but at different times

Eg immediately vs day after

Question 29

Ecological study

Answer 29

Analyze populations and groups of people rather than individuals

Question 30

Generalizability

Answer 30

Degree of which findings of a study can be applied to another external population

Question 31

For market for blood

Answer 31

Blood no different from any other tradable product
Increase supply by removing obstacles from donors
Can offer financial rewards to improve donation

Question 32

Against market for blood

Answer 32

Represses altruism
Lose sense of community
Subjects medicine to marketplace rules
Increased supply from poor and homeless if commercialized do may increase infection risk