Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Exocrine Endocrine Stuff 💘 > Flashcards

Exocrine Endocrine Stuff 💘 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Exocrine parts of pancreas

A

90% exocrine
Exocrine produces bicarbonate amylase protease lipase .
Produces buffering solution and enzymes to aid digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endocrine parts of pancreas

A

10% endocrine (lighter regions)
Islets of langerhans
These produce insulin glucagon somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide and ghrelin
Controls hunger sensation and glucose homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Acinus

A

Cluster of cells that resemble a many lobed berry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Intercalated ducts

A

Portion of the exocrine gland that drains from acting’s into larger ducts and eventually the intralobular duct
Helps takes enzymes
Secretes bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bicarbonate secretion from duct cells

A

Apical And bicarbonate secretion by interaction of the CL & K ion channels and apical cl-/HCO3- exchange
the basal membrane contains sodium potassium pump establishes and out in sodium concentration gradient that serves as a driving force for intracellular accumulation hco3- via na/h exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bicarbonate secretion part 2 (secretin)

A

Secretin activates potassium and calcium channels via generation intracellular camp.
Activation of basolateral potassium channels hyper-polarizes the cells favoring apical CL efflux through camp activated CL channels.
Favor recycling of chloride that’s taking in to cell by sale by chloride bicarbonate exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Responsible for digestion of fat and protein

Produced by i cells and acts on acinus to release digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Secretin

A

Hormone that regulate water homeostasis and secretions in the stomach and duodenum is produced by S cells and acts on the intercalated ductal cells to release bicarbonate.
Both hormone release is controlled by Vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Percentage of each cell type

A 
Alpha 20-25
Beta 70-75
Delta <5
Epsilon <1
Pp cell >1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Delta cells produce

A

Somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Epsilon produces

A

Ghrelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pp cells produce

A

Polypeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Insulin synthesis

A

Preproinsulin targeted by 24aa signal peptide and taken to RER
Single polypeptide cleaved forming proinsulin
Prounsulin folds 3 disulphide bonds form then moves to trans golgi network
Matures ti active form due to endopeptidases releasing c peptide fragment
Packaged into granules and wait for release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Two forms of insulin

A

Hexameric- inactive storage form. Three folds held together by zinc forming histidine bonds
Monomeric- active form, half life of 6 mins, composed of alpha and beta chains linked via disulphide bridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Insulin secretion

A

Glucose sensing and uptake by GLUT2
Causes rise in atp causing depolarisation and k+ flows in
Causes Calcium influx and storages granules release insulin via exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

IRS1

A

Triggers movement of GLUT 4 glucose receptor to cell surface for glucose uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Glucagon synthesis

A

29aa polypeptide generated by proprotein convertsse 2 cleaving Pro glucagon in alpha cells

18
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Caused by frameshift mutation in the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator gene.
Affects lungs pancreas liver and intestine
Abnormal transport of chloride and sodium across the epithelium leading thick viscous secretions that block exocrine movement of digestive enzymes

19
Q

Anterior Pituitary gland nerves and contents

A

axons from hypothalamus release neurohormones into primary plexus into hypothalamo hypophyseal portal system and it’s endocrine cells produce hormones
Contains chromophobes and chromophils (acidophils and basophils)

20
Q

Posterior pituitary gland nerves and contents

A

Axons from hypothalamus release neurohormones directly into arterial system
Contains neural tissue and non myelinated axons
Pituicytes support glial type cells

21
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Composed of many follicles
Follicular cells are a single layer of epithelium which surround each folllicle
Centre of follicle is colloid which stores hormones
Para follicular cells are less numerous lighter in colour larger and secrete calcitonin

22
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Two superior and two inferior
Contained within connective tissue capsule
Have chief cells and secretory granules which contain pth
Also have oxyphil cells

23
Q

Thyroid hormone release

A

Thyrotropin relaxing hormone produced by neurons in the hypothalamus stimulates release of tsh and prolactin in anterior pituitary
Tsh stimulates thyroid release 83% t4 7% t3
Also produced calcitonin

24
Q

Thyroid action

A

Stimulates metabolic rate- increases number and size of mitochondria
Also has positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on heart and important in growth and development in skeletal and nervous system

25
Q

Thyroid formation

A

Iodide atoms actively transported across follicular cells and are trapped in colloid and oxidised to iodine by thyroid peroxidase
I2 then attaches to tyrosine molecule iodine+ tyrosine =MIT 2 iodine and tyrosine=DIT
MIT+DIT=t3 DIT+DIT=t4
T3 mainly made in liver and kidney

26
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism

A

Absence or ectopic thyroid
All neonates screened this (Guthrie blood spot)
Treated with life long thyroxine

27
Q

Acquired hypothyroidism

A

Via iodine deficiency
Decreased t3 and t4 which increase tsh and trh due to lack of negative feedback
Symptoms include decreased metabolic rate

28
Q

Autoimmune thyroiditis (hashimotos disease)

A

Associated with thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies
Causes chronic thyroid damage and drip of blood hormone over years
More common in females

29
Q

Secondary hypothyroidism

A

Due to something other than gland eg pituitary Tumour (can’t produce tsh)

30
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Main causes are autoimmune thyroid diseases and toxic nodular goitre
Overproduction of t3&t4 surpassing tsh levels

31
Q

Thyroid eye disease

A

Protrusion of eyes
Lid lag (white if eyes above and below iris come visible)
Opthalrhoplegia eyes are not straight
Can cause double vision and increased damage risk

32
Q

Hyperthyroidism treatment

A

Inhibit iodide oxidation by thyroid peroxidase
Ptv
Beta blockers to alleviate symptoms
Radioactive iodine if other drugs unsuccessful
Or total thyroidectomy (surgery) (lifelong thyroxine)

33
Q

Primary hyper parathyroidism

A

Usually due to a single benign parathyroid adenoma causing overproduction of pth
Symptoms of hypercalcaemia
Treated surgically unless it’s modest then ca levels monitored instead

34
Q

HPA axis

A

Negative feedback system
Hypothalamus produces CRH which causes anterior pituitary to release acth
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol
High levels of cortisol then inhibits ant pituitary and hypothalamus

35
Q

Adrenal insufficiency

A

Adrenal glands fail to produce enough cortisol
Primary is problem with adrenal gland
Secondary is problem with pituitary gland
Tertiary problem in hypothalamus

36
Q

Primary adrenal insufficiency

Secondary tertiary

A

Aka Addison’s disease
High levels of acth
Acts on melanocytes yo produce more melanin causing hyper pigmentation
In secondary high CRH in tertiary CRH ACTH and cortisol low

37
Q

Testing for adrenal conditions

A

If u suspect insufficiency u stimulate to see response
If u suspect over functioning u suppress the gland
Synacthen stimulation test for adrenal insufficiency use ACTH and see if ride in cortisol after 30 mins
For secondary you do insulin stress test

38
Q

Hypercortisolemia

A

Aka cushings disease causes protein depletion and poor wound healing and osteoporosis
Due to high acth and low crh
Tested with dexamethasone test-absence of supressuon yo dexamethasone =cushings disease

39
Q

Prolactin action

A

Baby sucks on breast stimulates hypothalamus to stimulate pituitary yo produce prolactin producing milk
More it sucks more milk produced

40
Q

Ghrh

A

Ghrh>gh>igf1 (liver)> growth and development and stress

Biology (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions