Mental Health 💘

Question 1

Psychosis dopamine linkage

Answer 1

They have increased dopamine in brain
Increased dopamine in Mesolimbic pathway causes the positive symptoms
Decreased dopamine in the mesocortical causes the negative symptoms

Question 2

Schizophrenia drugs treatments

Answer 2

First generation targets/blocks d1 and d2 (antagonist) eg haloperidol
Second generation blocks d2 more than d1 and less side effects
30% have affected glutamate so use clozapine instead

Question 3

Depression

Answer 3

Due to deficiency of mono amine neurotransmitters
Serotonin (mood emotion sleep)
Noradrenaline (sleep attention)
Dopamine (motivation reward)

Question 4

Antidepressants

Answer 4

Tricyclics block reputable channels

Ssris stop serotonin being broken down

Question 5

Anxiety

Answer 5

A collection of illnesses eg panic disorder and specific phobias
Linked to gaba

Question 6

Anxiety drugs

Answer 6

Benzodiazepines bind to gaba and increases gabas inhibiting powers

Question 7

Positive reinforcement

Answer 7

Reward and praise

Question 8

Negative reinforcement

Answer 8

Removing negative stimulus eg picking up a crying baby

Question 9

Punishment

Answer 9

Presenting unpleasant stimulus

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

Removing pleasant stimulus eg time out

Question 11

Problems with punishment

Answer 11

Physical/emotional harm
Paradoxial attention (crave attention)
No alternative behavior provided
Leads to fear and dislike of person and situation

Question 12

Somatic nervous system

Answer 12

Involves motor supply to skeletal muscle

Single efferent neuron

Question 13

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 13

Motor supply to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
2 efferent neurons
Maintains homeostasis

Question 14

Parasympathetic vs sympathetic neurons length

Answer 14

Sympathetic has short preganglionic neuron from t1 to l2 and long postganglionic axons innervate target organ
Parasympathetic has long pre ganglion and short post
For both the pre ganglion is lightly myelinated post ganglion is unmyelinated

Question 15

Eustress

Answer 15

Mild stress that is useful

Prepares us to meet challenges eg revising or giving a speech

Question 16

Distress

Answer 16

Unpleasant and harmful stress that impairs performance eg death of family member or chronic pain

Question 17

Stressors

Answer 17

Any stimulus that produces stress
Can be external (environment or major life events) or internal (lifestyle choices personality choices)
Also psychological events eg divorce and physiological event eg injury

Question 18

Three phases of stress response

Answer 18

Alarm phase (fight or flight)(short)
Resistance/ adaptation phase ( body copes with prolonged stress)(long)
Exhaustion phase (resources are depleted and body unable to maintain function)

Question 19

Short term stress chain

Answer 19

Cerebral cortex 
Hypothalamus 
Sympathetic nervous system 
adrenal medulla 
Catecholamines (na a)
Sympathetic nervous system activated overall

Question 20

Long term stress chain

Answer 20

Cerebral cortex 
hypothalamus 
Pituitary gland 
Adrenal cortex 
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Hpa axis activated overall

Question 21

Effects of cortisol and aldosterone

Answer 21

Lipid and amino acid and glucose release in blood

Aldosterone causes retention of sodium and water and increase blood pressure and suppressed immune system

Question 22

Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 22

Interactions between nervous system ,behaviour and the immune system
Acute stress upregulates immune system whereas chronic stress inhibits immune stream
Cortisol decreases b and T cell numbers

Question 23

Amygdala and hippocampus

Answer 23

Involved in fear responses and activation of central nucleus leads to stress response via hpa axis stimulation
Amygdala and hippocampus regulate CRH neurons in hypothalamus
Hippocampus suppresses hpa axis

Question 24

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 24

Ongoing state of anxiety and lack of focus for at least six months

Question 25

Panic disorder

Answer 25

Brief periods of intense horror and apprehension ( Panic attack)

Question 26

Treatments to stress disorders

Answer 26

Psychological (therapy)
Benzodiazepines
Ssris for mood disorders
B adrenoreceptor agonists (beta blockers) reduce physical symptoms and used to treat hypertension