Mental Health 💘 Flashcards
Psychosis dopamine linkage
They have increased dopamine in brain
Increased dopamine in Mesolimbic pathway causes the positive symptoms
Decreased dopamine in the mesocortical causes the negative symptoms
Schizophrenia drugs treatments
First generation targets/blocks d1 and d2 (antagonist) eg haloperidol
Second generation blocks d2 more than d1 and less side effects
30% have affected glutamate so use clozapine instead
Depression
Due to deficiency of mono amine neurotransmitters
Serotonin (mood emotion sleep)
Noradrenaline (sleep attention)
Dopamine (motivation reward)
Antidepressants
Tricyclics block reputable channels
Ssris stop serotonin being broken down
Anxiety
A collection of illnesses eg panic disorder and specific phobias
Linked to gaba
Anxiety drugs
Benzodiazepines bind to gaba and increases gabas inhibiting powers
Positive reinforcement
Reward and praise
Negative reinforcement
Removing negative stimulus eg picking up a crying baby
Punishment
Presenting unpleasant stimulus
Extinction
Removing pleasant stimulus eg time out
Problems with punishment
Physical/emotional harm
Paradoxial attention (crave attention)
No alternative behavior provided
Leads to fear and dislike of person and situation
Somatic nervous system
Involves motor supply to skeletal muscle
Single efferent neuron
Autonomic nervous system
Motor supply to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
2 efferent neurons
Maintains homeostasis
Parasympathetic vs sympathetic neurons length
Sympathetic has short preganglionic neuron from t1 to l2 and long postganglionic axons innervate target organ
Parasympathetic has long pre ganglion and short post
For both the pre ganglion is lightly myelinated post ganglion is unmyelinated
Eustress
Mild stress that is useful
Prepares us to meet challenges eg revising or giving a speech
Distress
Unpleasant and harmful stress that impairs performance eg death of family member or chronic pain
Stressors
Any stimulus that produces stress
Can be external (environment or major life events) or internal (lifestyle choices personality choices)
Also psychological events eg divorce and physiological event eg injury
Three phases of stress response
Alarm phase (fight or flight)(short) Resistance/ adaptation phase ( body copes with prolonged stress)(long) Exhaustion phase (resources are depleted and body unable to maintain function)
Short term stress chain
Cerebral cortex Hypothalamus Sympathetic nervous system adrenal medulla Catecholamines (na a) Sympathetic nervous system activated overall
Long term stress chain
Cerebral cortex hypothalamus Pituitary gland Adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids (cortisol) Hpa axis activated overall
Effects of cortisol and aldosterone
Lipid and amino acid and glucose release in blood
Aldosterone causes retention of sodium and water and increase blood pressure and suppressed immune system
Psychoneuroimmunology
Interactions between nervous system ,behaviour and the immune system
Acute stress upregulates immune system whereas chronic stress inhibits immune stream
Cortisol decreases b and T cell numbers
Amygdala and hippocampus
Involved in fear responses and activation of central nucleus leads to stress response via hpa axis stimulation
Amygdala and hippocampus regulate CRH neurons in hypothalamus
Hippocampus suppresses hpa axis
Generalized anxiety disorder
Ongoing state of anxiety and lack of focus for at least six months
Panic disorder
Brief periods of intense horror and apprehension ( Panic attack)
Treatments to stress disorders
Psychological (therapy)
Benzodiazepines
Ssris for mood disorders
B adrenoreceptor agonists (beta blockers) reduce physical symptoms and used to treat hypertension
