Unit 9 - Speech and Language Flashcards

Question

Function of Broca's

Answer 1

Expressive aspects of spoken and written language

Answer 2

Tend to be larger in left hemisphere - connections to face, tongue and motor cortex within precentral gyrus Homologous area in right is involved in non verbal communication including facial expression, gesticulation, modulation of rate rhythm and intonation of speech - prosity Damage to non-dominant area - monotone robotic type of speech

Answer 3

Trigeminal Muscles of mastication

Answer 4

Facial Muscles of facial expression

Answer 5

glossopharyngeal stylopharyngeus deglutition

Answer 6

Vagus Larynx and pharynx phonation

Answer 7

Spinal accessory laryngeal muscles phonation

Answer 8

hypoglossal muscles of tongue tongue movement

Answer 9

In Broca's

Answer 10

singing requires integration of feedback of auditory systems - pitch precisely controlled Superior temporal gyrus on both sides as well as left putamen in singing -\> Anterior cingulate cortex - singers

Answer 11

deficit affecting one’s ability to communicate

Answer 12

Stroke is an event affecting blood vessels that can be either a blockage or occlusion, which results in tissue death termed ischemia in those tissues that lost blood supply A stroke can be haemorrhagic type where a weakness in the wall of a vessel is eventually breached and there is bleeding in brain tissue – this bleed can cause both loss of blood to the tissues that the vessel was supposed to supply and pressure on tissues due to the volume of the bleed

Answer 13

Left-most is a diffusion weighted image showing an area of infarct as a bright signal To the right of that is a T1 weighted image which shows no evidence of blood in the area of infarct (blood would appear as white) Next, moving right, is a post-contrast coronal image that shows vascular enhancement in the area of infarct On the right is an MR angiography that show right MCA branches to be narrower in calibre as compared to left

Answer 14

Wernickes e.g. relevant MCA branch inability to understand speech, deficit in auditory comprehension If the angular gyrus is affected, then it can involve a compromised ability to read – alexia Patients may be unaware of mistakes, they may have difficulty in understanding speech of others and retrieving correct descriptive terms (accessing lexicon areas) or word finding

Answer 15

first arrival of a signal via the auditory branch of the vestibulocochlear cranial nerve in the superior posterior region of the superior temporal gyrus and Heschl’s gyrus (Wernicke’s area)

Answer 16

Broca’s cortex (area of inferior frontal gyrus) may be affected resulting in impairment in the ability to produce speech This patient may make sounds or words that are not what was intended, and they may or may not be aware of this depending on whether or not they have concurrent damage to the primary auditory cortex (Wernicke’s area) Expressive aphasia can involve difficulty in expressing themselves or slow, laboured speech It can often present with **agraphia – inability to write thoughts** Larger areas of cortex affected can be accompanied with **motor weakness** in the right lower face and right arm, right lips and tongue and it can present with **dysarthria** (arthria refers to articulation or movement between joints) resulting in slurring of syllables

Answer 17

When the arcuate fasciculus is affected (the white matter tracts subserving communication between Wernicke’s and Broca’s area) This can occur independent of the other 2 types, and specifically involves the inability to repeat words or phrases

Answer 18

when all these impairments are present, and all regions affected receptive expressive conductive

Answer 19

Prosody is the pitch, intonation, cadence and musically or melodic aspects we use in speech to infer meaning beyond the words themselves Most of language is subserved by the dominant hemisphere - left Prosody appears to be associated with the non-dominant hemisphere (usually right hemisphere)

Answer 20

a disturbance in melodic function, such as comprehension of the prosody in speech, especially in the **right posterior temporo-parietal region**, and for the production of **melody** in the **right inferior frontal gyrus** speech changes to a dull monotone

Answer 21

acquired disorder of spoken and written language It comes from the Greek -dys meaning disordered and -phasis meaning utterance

Answer 22

Lesions involving Broca’s area, on the inferior frontal gyrus Speech is hesitant, fragmented and telegraphic, with word finding difficulty and a paucity of grammatical elements such as verbs and prepositions Since comprehension is relatively spared, patients tend to become frustrated as they struggle to express themselves

Answer 23

lesions in Wernicke’s area, on the superior posterior bank of the superior temporal gyrus and including Heschl’s gyrus as well Speech is fluent but makes little sense, consisting of word fragments, substitutions and neologisms (a nonsense of words) Since comprehension is affected, patients may be unaware of their own errors

Answer 24

combination of receptive and expressive aphasia

Answer 25

specific problems repeating sentences despite normal fluency and comprehension attributed to a lesion in the arcuate fasciculus, which is said to disconnect the 2 primary language areas