Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Presbyopia

A

Denaturation of lens proteins causes a reduction in accommodation hence the near point (the nearest point of distinct vision) recedes throughout life

loss of transparency and increasing hardness of the lens

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2
Q

Visual acuity

A

degree to which the details and contours of objects can be perceived

It is defined in terms of the shortest distance by which two lines can be separated and still perceived as two lines

The normal eye sees two point sources of light as separate if they lie more than 2 microns apart on the fovea

Outside the fovea the visual acuity becomes progressively poorer decreasing to tenfold as the retinal periphery is reached

SNELLEN CHART

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3
Q

Average diameter of cones in the fovea

A

1.5 microns

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4
Q

How far apart must the centres of 2 spots of light be to be distinguished separately

A

Since the spot of light has a bright centre point and shaded edges a person can distinguish two separate points if their centres are approximately 2 microns apart on the retina (which is slightly greater than the width of a foveal cone)

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5
Q

Maximal visual acuity =>

A

A person with maximum visual acuity looking at two bright pinpoint spots of light from a distance of 10 metres can just barely distinguish them as two separate entities when they are 1.5 to 2 millimetres apart

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Diagram of visual acuity

A
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8
Q

how is visual acuity expressed

A

As a ratio between the distance at which the subject can see the letters and that at which a subject with normal vision can see the letters

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9
Q

when to move subject when measuring acuity

A

Acuities worse than 6/60 - move subject to 4m from the chart

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10
Q

What measurement must be taken when analysing visual acuity

A

Width of smallest letter visible from 6m (in mm)

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11
Q

Calculation for visual acuity

A
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12
Q

Optic disc/papilla

A

Region of retina corresponding to confluence of optic nerve fibres as they pass out of the eye

region contains no photoreceptors and hence creates a blind spot in the visual field

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13
Q

Calculation for blind spot

A
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14
Q

visual field

A

that portion of the environment seen through that eye by the peripheries of the retina

This field would be circular but for the geography of the face i.e. the nose and the eyebrows limit the field of vision for each eye

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15
Q

where does the optic disc lie

A

The optic nerve and optic disc are on the nasal side of the eye relative to the fovea (centre of vision)

However when the visual field from both eyes is summated a larger field of vision is attained

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16
Q

What information does direct ophthalmoscopy tell us

A

Consists of looking at the fundus of the eye with a suitable light

yields information about diseases within the eye (e.g. cataract or vitreous haemhorrhage), in the cardiovascular system (i.e. hypertensive retinopathy) and in the central nervous system (i.e. papilloedema as seen in increased intracranial pressure)

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17
Q

Structure of ophthalmoscope

A

The light is focused on a mirror set at the top of the instrument so that the beam is deflected through at a right angle

The observer looks through a small hole in the mirror and shines a light into the subject’s eye

The ophthalmoscope has 30 lenses varying in focal length

Lenses marked in green text are convex and positive and are used to correct for a hypermetropic subject or examiner

Lenses with text coloured red are concave and negative and are used to correct for myopic examiner or subject

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18
Q

Red reflex

A

sparkly orange red colour

caused by light reflecting off of the retina and is the same phenomenon that produces red eyes in flash photographs

sometimes the translucent structures that allow light to pass unimpeded from outside the eye to the retina become opacified and the red reflex is lost

=> cataracts (clouding of lens)

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19
Q

atherosclerosis - change in retina

A

change in appearance of arteries

copper wiring

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20
Q

hypertension - changes in retina

A

alterations in the arterial-venous crossing pattern

a-v nicking

(vessels more obvious in superior and inferior aspects of retina, with relative sparing of temporal and medial regions)

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21
Q

BVs around optic disc

A

Less branching of BVs

point at which the vessels enter the retina along with the head of the optic nerve. The edges of this round disc are sharp and well defined in the normal state. It should be a bit more yellow/orange when compared to the rest of the retina

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22
Q

Optic cup

A

distinct circular area from which the blood vessels actually emerge

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23
Q

Where is the disc located

A

disc is not located in the exact centre of the retina but rather towards its medial/nasal aspect

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24
Q

Macula

A

region located lateral to the optic disc

It looks somewhat darker than the rest of the retina and, as opposed to the disc, has no distinct borders

The macula provides the sharpest vision

normally two disc widths temporal of the optic disc; it looks like a small dull red patch

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25
26
Pitch
Tone
27
Intensity
Loudness
28
Timbre
Quality
29
2 types of deafness
Sensorineural Conduction deafness
30
Rinne test tests for
Conductive deafness as the sound disappears (from tuning forks), place instrument on mastoid process If the sound vibrations reappear while in contact with the mastoid process ⇒ conductive deafness ⇒ negative Rinne (bone conduction \> air conduction) If subject cannot hear the vibrations ⇒ positive Rinne (air conduction \> bone conduction)
31
negative Rinne
bone conduction \> air conduction
32
positive Rinne
Air conduction \> bone conduction
33
Rinne test depends on
The fact that more sound reaches the cochlea if it has passed through the magnifying mechanism of the normal middle ear than if it has passed straight through the bone to the cochlea without magnification
34
Weber test detects
Unilateral deafness Fork on forehead **Conductive deafness:** sound is referred to deafer ear - cochlea on that side is not distracted by extraneous noises and so the sound appears louder on the diseased side **1 normal ear, 1 ear with nerve deafness:** sound will be more intense in the normal ear than the deaf one
35
Schwabach test
Detects nerve deafness place fork on mastoid process when subject stops hearing sound, place fork on examiner's mastoid process if the examiner can still hear the sound freq, subject has some degree of nerve deafness
36
Audiometry results
37
Deafness severity scale
38
Auriscopic examination
examines ext. auditory meatus and tympanic membrane Draw the auricle upwards, backwards and laterally to straighten the kink in the external ear canal (it is drawn downwards and backwards in infants) Continue to insert the auriscope until you see the eardrum The normal drum appears pearly-grey in colour with the handle of the malleus visible and lying almost vertically near the centre of the tympanic membrane A cone of light, the light reflex, reflects from its lower end downwards and forwards
39
view of tympanic membrane with acute infection
dusky, red with loss of light reflex and possible bulging of drum
40
view of tympanic membrane with glue ear
Retraction causing abnormal prominence of malleus
41
view of tympanic membrane with perforation
Pinhole large especially in upper drum
42
What is a grommet
a tiny plastic tube that is implanted in the tympanic membrane to drain the middle ear to relieve glue ear and recurrent middle ear infections
43
conjuctiva
sensitive indicator of ocular disease
44
where do the lacrimal glands lie
45
overview of structures of eye
46
optic nerve is also
afferent limbs for pupillary light reflex and lens accomodation
47
efferents for pupillary light reflex
go to muscles of eye via oculomotor nerve
48
muscle that elevates eyelid
49
bepharoptosis
drooping eyelid ptosis
50
muscles of the eye
51
innervation of muscles of eye
52
presbyopia
impaired near vision common with ageing age associated lens changes gradually decreases the ability to focus on nearby objects
53
what does jaundice present with
yellowing of sclera
54
Anisocoria
difference of at least 4mm
55
myosis
abnormally small
56
mydriasis
significantly dilated
57
nystagmus
involuntary rhythmic oscillation of the eyes - seen in cerebellar and vestibular disorders
58
scotoma
abnormal blind spot may be from macular degeneration
59
locations in brain involved in processing blind spots
60
what do neurons in the early part of the visual system do
construct perceptual experience
61
diopter of \< 0
useful in myopic or nearsighted patients retina lies closer than normal to ophthalmoscope
62
diopter \> 0
useful in hyperopic or farsighted patients retina is farther than normal from opthalmoscope
63
fundus
choroid retina macula fovea retinal vessels optic disc
64
65
optic disc
66
fovea
lateral centra vision macula lies around it
67
parts of outer ear
68
eustachian tube connects
middle ear to nasopharynx
69
conductive phase
outer and middle ear
70
sensorineural phase
inner ear and cochlear nerve
71
unilateral neurosensory hearing loss
sound is localised to good ear
72
unilateral conductive hearing loss
sound is localised to impaired ear
73
tympanic membrane
74
parts of tympanic membrane