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CNS > Unit 7 - Taste and Smell > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Taste and Smell Flashcards

1
Q

system that detects tastants (water and fat soluble molecules)

A

gustatory

info on quality, quantity and safety of ingested food

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2
Q

where are taste buds found

type of cells

life span

no of taste buds

taste map hypothesis

A

on tongue, palate, pharynx, epiglottis, upper oesophagus

taste cells are epithelial, but are electrically excitable and synapse with neurons

life span of 20 days

3-10,000

older thinking of “taste map” incorrect - each taste bud can sense a no of substances but have a preferred stimulus

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3
Q

taste pore

A

area where volatile substances can be taken up by microvilli on the receptor cells

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4
Q

structure of taste bud

A

fibres respond best to 1 type of taste but still sense others

innervated by various taste buds

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5
Q

5 taste stimuli

what do tastants interact with

A

bitter, sweet, sour, salty, umami (MSG)

tastants interact with receptors on microvilli

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6
Q

salty messenger system

A

Na+

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7
Q

sweet messenger system

A

cAMP

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8
Q

sour messenger system

A

H+

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9
Q

bitter messenger system

A

IP3

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10
Q

overview of taste messenger systems

A
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11
Q

directly mediated taste stimulants

A

sour and salt

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12
Q

2nd messenger mediated taste stimulants

A

bitter and sweet

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13
Q

taste pathway

nerves involved

A

taste buds synapse with primary gustatory fibres

signal convergence

signal carried by:

  • CN VII (facial nerve - anterior tongue and palate)
  • CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve - posterior tongue)
  • CN X (vagal nerve - epiglottis and oesophagus)
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14
Q

overview of taste pathway

A

From thalamus -> gustatory cortex (insula) - maps out different tastants - intensity, have we had it before

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15
Q

volatile molecules reach what system

A

olfactory system to expand taste perception

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16
Q

ageusia

A

complete loss of taste

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17
Q

hypogeusia

A

diminished sense of taste

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18
Q

hypergeusia

A

enhanced gustatory sensitivity

19
Q

dysgeusia

A

distorted taste perception or to a persistent taste sensation in the absence of stimulation

20
Q

phantogeusia

A

taste phantoms

stimuli different to what they used to be e.g. sweet not perceived as metallic

reported in patients with epilepsy and schizophrenia

21
Q

olfaction

A

odorants provide info about

self, other people, animals and environment

identify food, noxious and hazardous substances

role in social interactions, reproduction and defense

22
Q

path of volatile odorants

A

dissolve in nasal mucus (produced in Bowman’s glands in cilia of olfactory epithelium) - mucus protects and supplies odorants to the ORN

olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)

dendrites of which expand to olfactory cilia

23
Q

ORN

A

bipolar

short lived - replaced 30-60 days

G-protein linked receptors ⇒ stimulate cAMP and phospholipase C

24
Q

structure of olfactory epithelium/ORN

A
25
Q

ORNs are sensitive to

A

single or number of odorants

polymodal

26
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

higher levels of an odorant stimulates more neurons - can lead to variations of smell

ORN - bundles to form the olfactory nerves

travel to olfactory bulb and synapse (glutamate) with glomeruli

convergence - each glomeruli, 25 mitral/tufted cells which each receive info from 25,000 ORN

glomeruli respond to particular odorants

2 types of olfactory neurons in glomerulus that project to olfactory cortex

27
Q

2 types of olfactory neurons in glomerulus that project to olfactory cortex

A

MITRAL

perception/distinction of smells - limbic effects

TUFTED

sharpen sensitivity of glomeruli to specific odors

28
Q

olfactory pathways

A
29
Q

frontal cortex

A

conscious perception of olfaction

30
Q

hippocampus

A

memory aspects

31
Q

amygdala

A

emotional aspects

32
Q

hypothalamus

A

hunger and thirst responses to smell, and emotional responses

33
Q

piriform cortex

A

→ olfactory cortex - different olfactory stimuli can be placed and identified

34
Q

quantitative abnormalities - olfactory lesions

A

loss or reduction of sense of smell (anosmia, hyposmia)

rare, increased olfactory acuity (hyperosmia)

35
Q

qualitative abnormalities - olfactory lesions

A

distortions or illusions of smell (dysosmia or parosmia)

e.g. smelling something burning when it’s not there

36
Q

what can olfactory hallucination and delusions be caused by

A

temporal lobe disorders or psychiatric disorders

37
Q

olfactory agnosia

A

higher order loss of olfactory discrimination

38
Q
A
39
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A
40
Q
A
41
Q
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42
Q
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43
Q
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44
Q
A

CNS (36 decks)

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