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Unit 5 - Cerebellum (anatomy & physio lectures) Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the mass of the brain does it comprise

Proportion of the brain’s neurons in the cerebellum

A

10% mass of brain

50% of its neurons

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2
Q

Functions of cerebellum

A
  1. Maintenance of equilibrium (vestibular input // the vestibulocerebellum)
  2. Adjusting the postural muscles of the body (spinal output - spinocerebellum)
  3. Programming and fine tuning movements (cortical input - cerebrocerebellum)
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3
Q

vestibulocerebellum function

A

Maintenance of equilibrium

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4
Q

Spinocerebellum Function

A

Adjusting the postural muscles of the body

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5
Q

What can be seen on the superior surface of the cerebellum

A
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6
Q

Cerebrocerebellum function

A

Programming and fine tuning of movements

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7
Q

Name the dural folds related to the cerebellum

A

Falx cerebelli

Tentorium cerebelli

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8
Q

Name the 3 lobes of cerebellum

A

Anterior

Posterior

Flocculonodular

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9
Q

What lobes can be seen on the superior surface of the cerebellum

A

Anterior & posterior

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10
Q

What fissure separates the anterior lobe from the posterior/middle lobe

A

V-shaped primary fissure

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11
Q

What fissure separates the middle/posterior lobe from the flocculo-nodular lobe

A

Posterolateral fissure

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12
Q

What fissure does not mark the boundary between any lobes

A

Horizontal fissure

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13
Q

What structure is the roof of the 4th ventricle

A

Superior medullary velum

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14
Q

Name the structure found IN the 4th ventricle

A

Choroid plexus

(Surface can also be called the arbor vitae

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15
Q

What are intracerebellar nuclei

A

Masses of grey matter embedded in white matter of cerebellum on each side of the midline

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16
Q

Name the 3 intracerebellar nuclei

A

Fastigial (medial)

Dentate (lateral)

Interposed (= emboliform + globose)

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17
Q

Name the 2 nuclei that compose the interposed nucleus

A

Emboliform + globose

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18
Q

Describe the structure of the dentate nucleus

A

Crumpled bag shape with opening facing medially

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19
Q

Where do the white matter fibres of the dentate nucleus exit

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle

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20
Q

Name the 3 layers in the cerebellar cortex

A

Grey matter

White matter

Collection of nerve cells inside, from deep cerebellar nuclei

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21
Q

Distinguish between the outer, middle and inner layer of the cerebellar cortex

A

Outer - molecular layer (ML)

Middle - purkinje cell layer (P) - 1 cell thick

Inner - granular layer (GL)

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22
Q

What neurons & cells are present in the outer molecular layer

A

2 types of NEURONS:

Outer stellate cell

Inner basket cell

Also glial cells *

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23
Q

Describe the contents of the middle purkinje cell layer

A

Large Golgi type I neurons

Flask shaped

Arranged in a SINGLE layer

Dendrites branch profusely in molecular layer

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24
Q

Describe the synaptic relationship between the middle purkinje cell layer and the molecular layer

A

Branches of purkinje axons synapse with dendrites of basket cells and stellate cells in molecular layer

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25
What is unique about middle purkinje cells
Form synaptic contact with parallel fibres from granule cell axons They are the only cells that leave the cerebellum - the others remain in the molecular layer
26
Where do granule cell axons run
Run through the granule cell layer → white matter → synapses with cells in cerebellar nuclei
27
Contents of the inner granular layer
Small neurons with densely staining nuclei Interneurons of the cerebellar cortex
28
Describe the path of the granule neuron Where do the parallel fibres run What cells are also present
Passes through the molecular layer → bifurcates at T junction → branches run parallel to long axons of folium → parallel fibres Parallel fibres are at right angles to dendritic processes of purkinje cells Glial cells are also present
29
Name the 2 cerebellar cortical mechanisms What are they closely related to
Climbing fibres Mossy fibres Excitatory to PURKINJE cells
30
Origin & path of climbing fibres
Inferior olivary nucleus Pass through granular layer Number of synpases with dendrites of single Purkinje cell Side branches synapse with stellate and basket cells
31
How do mossy fibres differ from climbing fibres Where do they terminate Stimulation produced by mossy fibres Where do the fibres arise from (3)
* More diffuse excitatory effect * Terminate in **_granular layer_** (NOT molecular) and synapse with granule cells * Single fibre stimulates 1000s of purkinje cells through granule cells * Fibres arise from vestibular, spinal, reticular, cerebral/pontine sources
32
Where do the efferent fibres of the purkinje cells end up
In deep cerebellar nuclei
33
Overview of cells in cerebellum
34
Describe the intrinsic fibres (white matter) of the cerebellum
They do not leave the cerebellum Connect different regions of the cerebellum
35
Describe the afferent fibres (white matter) of the cerebellum
Form greater part of WM → proceed to cerebellar cortex → mainly enter through **middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles**
36
Where do the afferent fibres enter the cerebellar cortex
Through the middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
37
Describe the path of the efferent fibres
Purkinje cell axons → cerebellar nuclei → superior cerebellar peduncle Some fibres don't synapse in nuclei
38
Name the 3 grps of white matter fibres
Intrinsic Afferent Efferent
39
Superior cerebellar peduncle links
Cerebellum with nuclei in midbrain
40
Middle cerebellar peduncle links
Cerebellum with pons
41
Inferior cerebellar peduncle links
Cerebellum with medulla
42
What passes through the inferior cerebellar peduncle
Largely afferent fibres passing to cerebellum e.g. posterior spinocerebellar tract
43
What passes through the middle cerebellar peduncle (largest)
Transverse fibres of pons from pontocerebellar pathway
44
What passes through the superior cerebellar peduncle
Majority are efferent fibres from cerebellar nuclei
45
Role of the cerebellum
It continuously receives convergent input from various sensory pathways and from motor pathways When the cerebellum detects a disparity between the intended and actual movement, it may generate an error-correcting signal This signal is transmitted to the premotor and primary motor cortices via the thalamus and brainstem
46
Cerebellar pathway - voluntary movement
The primary motor cortex and the basal nuclei in the forebrain send impulses through the nuclei of the pons to the cerebellum BLUE
47
Cerebellar pathway - assessment of voluntary movements
Proprioceptors in skeletal muscles and joints report degree of movement in the cerebellum PURPLE
48
Cerebellar pathway - integration & analysis
The cerebellum compares the planned movements (motor signals) against the result of the actual movements (sensory signals) ORANGE
49
Cerebellar pathway - corrective feedback
The cerebellum sends impulses through the thalamus to the primary motor cortex and to motor nuclei in the brainstem ORANGE
50
FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE 1. Anatomically 2. Phylogenetically 3. Functionally
1. Oldest portion of cerebellum 2. Archicerebellum 3. Vestibulocerebellum - associated with vestibular system
51
ANTERIOR LOBE, UVULA, PYRAMID 1. Phylogenetically 2. Functionally
1. Paleocerebellum 2. Spinocerebellum - gross movements of head and body
52
POSTERIOR LOBE (EXCEPT UVULA & PYRAMID) 1. Phylogenetically 2. Functionally
1. Neocerebellum 2. Cerebral cerebellum (pontocerebellum) - fine voluntary movements
53
Overview of archicerebellum, paleocerebellum and neocerebellum
54
Midline lesion - flocculonodular lobe (vestibulocerebellum)
Responsible for co-ordination of the paraxial muscles associated with equilibrium Truncal ataxia Tumours in children
55
Anterior lobe syndrome (spinocerebellum)
Chiefly maintain co-ordination of limb movements Chronic alcoholics (also Vit B deficiency) Damage to Purkinje neurons Gait ataxia
56
Posterior lobe syndrome (cerebrocerebellum)
Learning and storage of all of the sequential components of skilled movements CVA, tumour, trauma, degenerative diseases Loss of co-ordination of voluntary movement (appendicular ataxia), intention tremor, decreased muscle tone
57
Functions of cerebellum What side of the body does it influence What does damage result in
* Indirectly regulates movement and posture by adjusting motor fibre output * Improves accuracy of movement * Motor learning - motor adjustments * Ipsilateral side * Damage disrupts co-ordination of movement, motor learning, balance, causes **flaccidity and active tremors**
58
Where does input to cerebellum come from (w/ regard to cortex)
Mainly from cerebral cortex * Primary motor and premotor * Sensory cortices and visual areas * Also spinal cord and brainstem
59
Where does input to cerebellum come from (w/ regard to nuclei)
Input mainly via nuclei of pons and medulla * Pontine nuclei - vestibular nuclei * Inferior olive - receives info from descending spinal circuits * External cuneate/dorsal nucleus of Clarke - motor & sensory input
60
Name the cells of the granule cell layer
Granule cells Golgi cells
61
Where do mossy fibres receive inputs from Where do they originate Where do they synapse
Receive inputs from sensory and motor pathways Axons of cell bodies from BRAINSTEM nuclei (mostly pontine) Synapse onto granule cells which then synapse onto purkinje cells
62
Where do climbing fibres originate Where do they receive inputs from Where do they synapse
Originate in inferior olivary nucleus Receive inputs from **RED nucleus, cerebral cortex & spinal cord** Climbing fibres synapse directly onto purkinje cells
63
Afferents of cerebellar cortex
64
What do interneurons influence
The firing of the purkinje fibres
65
CEREBROCEREBELLUM What is the input output particular with What is its function Consequence of lesions
* Input-output particular with premotor cortex * Motor planning (motor cortex), **timing** of sequential movements * Lesions result in delays in initiation of movement, disturbances in coordination and sequence of muscle movements, slurring of speech
66
SPINOCEREBELLUM Receives input from What is it responsible for Consequences of damage to the area
* Input from spinal cord & motor areas - output to motor cortex and brainstem motor pathways * Motor execution and controls muscle tone - compares sensory signals with ingoing movement & corrects for deviation in movement * Danage results in ACTIVE TREMOR particularly arms, past pointing, reduced muscle tone
67
68
VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM What is the input-output related to Function What does damage result in
* Main input-output with vestibular nuclei in medulla * Balance, motor execution (medial descending tracts), facial (eye) movements * Damage results in balance problems, slow speech, ataxia in legs
69
Deep cerebellar nuclei
70
Overview of cerebellar circuits
71
What do lesions in the cerebellum cause
A movement incoordination syndrome → ATAXIA
72
Other than movement, what else does the cerebellum influence
Involved in cognition and executive control - impact on pathologies like dyslexia and autism Autonomic control via hypothalamus regulation

CNS (36 decks)

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