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CNS > Unit 5 - Subcortical Nuclei > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Subcortical Nuclei Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 basal ganglia

A

Caudate

Putamen

Globus pallidus

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2
Q

What are the basal ganglia derived from

A

The telencephalon, which is said to have a pallital and subpallital area early on

2ndary vesicles that expand bilaterally to form the cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

Components of diencephalon

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

Metathalamus

Subthalamus

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4
Q

Pallidal area of telencephalon gives rise to

A

Cerebral cortex

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5
Q

Subpallidal area of telencephalon gives rise to

A

Basal ganglia, basal forebrain and cholinergic system

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6
Q

What is the line of fusion between the telencephalon and diencephalon

A

Internal capsule

Between basal ganglia and thalamus

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7
Q

Epithalamus

A

String of associated structures superior and posterior to the thalamus on the midline

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8
Q

Metathalamus

A

2 prominences on the posterior surface of thalamus responsible for vision and hearing

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9
Q

Subthalamus

A

Closely related to basal ganglia

Cephalic extension of midbrain

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10
Q

Medial view of saggital section

A
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11
Q

Embryology of telencephalon and diencephalon

A
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12
Q

Striatum =

A

Caudate and putamen

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13
Q

Nucleus accumbens is

A

Where an inferior anterior region of caudate is continuous with the putamen

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14
Q

Major input of striatum

A

Receiving majority of afferents from cerebral cortex

Corticostriatal fibres - excitatory - glutaminergic

Input from thalamus and substantia nigra - dopaminergic

input from ventral tegmental area, origin area for dopaminergic neurons, and from raphae nuclei in pons and midbrain, origin area for serotinergic neurons

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15
Q

Striatal efferents

A

tend to be GABA neurons (inhibitory) and send signals to GP

Striatopallidal fibres

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16
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens implicated in

A

NA - processes reward and identified clinically in ahadonia - inability to enjoy things

Also in addiction

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17
Q

Relationship between caudate, thalamus and lentiform

A
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18
Q

What does the nucleus accumbens connect to

A

Amygdala in limbic system, w/ the basal ganglia - dopaminergic neurons involved in reward, gratification and addiction

hence site of action of addictive substances

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19
Q

What does GPi share connections with

A

Subthalamus

Pars reticulata of substantia nigra in midbrain/upper brainstem

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20
Q

What is the GP a major output portion of

A

Basal ganglia

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21
Q

Where do pallidal afferents come from

What is their nature

A

Subpallidal nucleus (blue) from subthalamonigral and subthalamopallidal pathways

Often glutaminergic

Excitatory

22
Q

Where do pallidal efferents travel

A

Leave GPe and travel to subthalamic nucleus, leave GPi and pars reticulata of substantia nigra and go to thalamus - pallidothalamic pathway - and travel to brainstem tegmentum, pedunculopontine nucleus for MOVEMENT

23
Q

What nuclei are found in the metathalamus

A

Medial and lateral geniculate nuclei

24
Q

Components of diencephalon

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

Metathalamus

Subthalamus

25
Q

What forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle

A

Thalami nuclei

26
Q

What forms the boundary walls of the 3rd ventricle

A

Medial surface of 2 thalami nuclei

27
Q

What does the thalamus act as

A

The relay station for all ascending pathways on their route to the cerebral cortex

28
Q

What is in the internal medullary lamina

A

Contains intralaminar nuclei involved in wakefulness - connected to ascending reticular system originating in the brainstem

It activates the cerebral mantle - alpha rhythm associated with repose and sleep

29
Q

What happens with lesions of the thalamus

A

Reduced perception of pain and in level of consciousness

30
Q

What is the anterior nucleus involved with

A

Limbic system

Afferents from mamillary bodies via mamillothalamic tract

efferents from cingulate in control of instinctive drives

31
Q

Function of ventral tier of lateral group (thalamus)

A

project to discrete cortical areas eg primary sensory and motor cortices - movement through afferents from basal ganglia and SN and reciprocal connections with motor, premotor and supplementary motor cortices, sensory relays from trunk, limbs head neck - sensory determinations

32
Q

What does the dorsal tier of the lateral group do

A

less specific - diffuse reciprocal connections with large regions of the cortex

33
Q

Function of medial group

A

Afferents from hypothalamus, amygdala and other thalamic nuclei including intralaminar nucleus and lateral thalamic nuclei

extensive reciprocal connections with prefrontal cortex - CONTROL OF MOOD AND EMOTIONS - anterior thalamic radiations

34
Q

Nuclei of hypothalamus

A

Preoptic

Supraoptic

Paraventricular

Posterior

35
Q

What is the hypothalamus connected to

A

limbic system via infundibulum - connects directly to posterior pituitary (sella turcica)

Protected by sellla diaphragma

36
Q

Post. pituitary derives from

A

Brain tissue

37
Q

Ant. pituitary derives from

A

Roof of mouth and ascends

38
Q

What is the posterior boundary of hypothalamus

A

Demarcated by mamillary bodies

39
Q

What is the hypothalamus inferior and superior to

A

Hypothalamus is inferior to thalamus and superior to optic chiasm and pituitary

40
Q

Structures of epithalamus, anterior to posterior

A

IV foramen

Choroid plexus

Habenula

Pineal gland

Posterior commissure

41
Q
  • epithalamus - Superior and posterior to _______
A

Lie superior and posterior to thalamic nuclei

42
Q

Function of pineal gland

Where is it found

A

Melatonin (precursor of serotonin) - sleep wake cycle

Wrapped in pia and hangs down into quadrigeminal cistern, between pair of superior colliculi between the upper posterior midbrain

43
Q

What is the habenula

A

A small nucleus that projects to the midbrain and receives connections from anterior diencephalic region - hypothalamus and from basal forebrain regions

44
Q

Where is stria medullaris found

A

Forms a ridge on the medial surface of the medial thalamic nucleus

45
Q

Relations of MG nuclei of metathalamus

A

Inferior colliculi

Auditory pathway

46
Q

Relations of LG nuclei of metathalamus

A

Superior colliculi

Visual pathway

47
Q

Where are the geniculate nuclei found

A

Paired eminences on the posterior inferior surface of the thalamus, just superior to posterior midbrain

connected via brachium/arms to colliculi of midbrain

48
Q

Where do projections of the LG nuclei travel

A

In IC to primary visual cortex of occipital lobe

49
Q

Where does the subthalamus lie

A

Inferior to thalamus

Superior to midbrain (substantia nigra)

* transitional zone to midbrain

involved in motor control

50
Q

Overview of subcortical nuclei

A
51
Q

What is the claustrum reclassified as

A

Sub-insular rather than part of the basal ganglia

CNS (36 decks)

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