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Unit 5 - Subcortical Nuclei Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 basal ganglia

A

Caudate

Putamen

Globus pallidus

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2
Q

What are the basal ganglia derived from

A

The telencephalon, which is said to have a pallital and subpallital area early on

2ndary vesicles that expand bilaterally to form the cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

Components of diencephalon

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

Metathalamus

Subthalamus

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4
Q

Pallidal area of telencephalon gives rise to

A

Cerebral cortex

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5
Q

Subpallidal area of telencephalon gives rise to

A

Basal ganglia, basal forebrain and cholinergic system

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6
Q

What is the line of fusion between the telencephalon and diencephalon

A

Internal capsule

Between basal ganglia and thalamus

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7
Q

Epithalamus

A

String of associated structures superior and posterior to the thalamus on the midline

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8
Q

Metathalamus

A

2 prominences on the posterior surface of thalamus responsible for vision and hearing

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9
Q

Subthalamus

A

Closely related to basal ganglia

Cephalic extension of midbrain

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10
Q

Medial view of saggital section

A
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11
Q

Embryology of telencephalon and diencephalon

A
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12
Q

Striatum =

A

Caudate and putamen

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13
Q

Nucleus accumbens is

A

Where an inferior anterior region of caudate is continuous with the putamen

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14
Q

Major input of striatum

A

Receiving majority of afferents from cerebral cortex

Corticostriatal fibres - excitatory - glutaminergic

Input from thalamus and substantia nigra - dopaminergic

input from ventral tegmental area, origin area for dopaminergic neurons, and from raphae nuclei in pons and midbrain, origin area for serotinergic neurons

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15
Q

Striatal efferents

A

tend to be GABA neurons (inhibitory) and send signals to GP

Striatopallidal fibres

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16
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens implicated in

A

NA - processes reward and identified clinically in ahadonia - inability to enjoy things

Also in addiction

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17
Q

Relationship between caudate, thalamus and lentiform

A
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18
Q

What does the nucleus accumbens connect to

A

Amygdala in limbic system, w/ the basal ganglia - dopaminergic neurons involved in reward, gratification and addiction

hence site of action of addictive substances

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19
Q

What does GPi share connections with

A

Subthalamus

Pars reticulata of substantia nigra in midbrain/upper brainstem

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20
Q

What is the GP a major output portion of

A

Basal ganglia

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21
Q

Where do pallidal afferents come from

What is their nature

A

Subpallidal nucleus (blue) from subthalamonigral and subthalamopallidal pathways

Often glutaminergic

Excitatory

22
Q

Where do pallidal efferents travel

A

Leave GPe and travel to subthalamic nucleus, leave GPi and pars reticulata of substantia nigra and go to thalamus - pallidothalamic pathway - and travel to brainstem tegmentum, pedunculopontine nucleus for MOVEMENT

23
Q

What nuclei are found in the metathalamus

A

Medial and lateral geniculate nuclei

24
Q

Components of diencephalon

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

Metathalamus

Subthalamus

25
What forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle
Thalami nuclei
26
What forms the boundary walls of the 3rd ventricle
Medial surface of 2 thalami nuclei
27
What does the thalamus act as
The relay station for all ascending pathways on their route to the cerebral cortex
28
What is in the internal medullary lamina
Contains intralaminar nuclei involved in wakefulness - connected to ascending reticular system originating in the brainstem It activates the cerebral mantle - alpha rhythm associated with repose and sleep
29
What happens with lesions of the thalamus
Reduced perception of pain and in level of consciousness
30
What is the anterior nucleus involved with
Limbic system Afferents from mamillary bodies via mamillothalamic tract efferents from cingulate in control of instinctive drives
31
Function of ventral tier of lateral group (thalamus)
project to discrete cortical areas eg primary sensory and motor cortices - movement through afferents from basal ganglia and SN and reciprocal connections with motor, premotor and supplementary motor cortices, sensory relays from trunk, limbs head neck - sensory determinations
32
What does the dorsal tier of the lateral group do
less specific - diffuse reciprocal connections with large regions of the cortex
33
Function of medial group
Afferents from hypothalamus, amygdala and other thalamic nuclei including intralaminar nucleus and lateral thalamic nuclei extensive reciprocal connections with prefrontal cortex - CONTROL OF MOOD AND EMOTIONS - anterior thalamic radiations
34
Nuclei of hypothalamus
Preoptic Supraoptic Paraventricular Posterior
35
What is the hypothalamus connected to
limbic system via infundibulum - connects directly to posterior pituitary (sella turcica) Protected by sellla diaphragma
36
Post. pituitary derives from
Brain tissue
37
Ant. pituitary derives from
Roof of mouth and ascends
38
What is the posterior boundary of hypothalamus
Demarcated by mamillary bodies
39
What is the hypothalamus inferior and superior to
Hypothalamus is inferior to thalamus and superior to optic chiasm and pituitary
40
Structures of epithalamus, anterior to posterior
IV foramen Choroid plexus Habenula Pineal gland Posterior commissure
41
- epithalamus - Superior and posterior to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Lie superior and posterior to thalamic nuclei
42
Function of pineal gland Where is it found
Melatonin (precursor of serotonin) - sleep wake cycle Wrapped in pia and hangs down into quadrigeminal cistern, between pair of superior colliculi between the upper posterior midbrain
43
What is the habenula
A small nucleus that projects to the midbrain and receives connections from anterior diencephalic region - hypothalamus and from basal forebrain regions
44
Where is stria medullaris found
Forms a ridge on the medial surface of the medial thalamic nucleus
45
Relations of MG nuclei of metathalamus
Inferior colliculi Auditory pathway
46
Relations of LG nuclei of metathalamus
Superior colliculi Visual pathway
47
Where are the geniculate nuclei found
Paired eminences on the posterior inferior surface of the thalamus, just superior to posterior midbrain connected via brachium/arms to colliculi of midbrain
48
Where do projections of the LG nuclei travel
In IC to primary visual cortex of occipital lobe
49
Where does the subthalamus lie
Inferior to thalamus Superior to midbrain (substantia nigra) \* transitional zone to midbrain involved in motor control
50
Overview of subcortical nuclei
51
What is the claustrum reclassified as
Sub-insular rather than part of the basal ganglia

CNS (36 decks)

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