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CNS > Brainstem > Flashcards

Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

Sagittal section through the brainstem

A
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2
Q

Name the structures of the prosencephalon (forebrain)

A

Telencephalon - cerebral hemispheres/cerebrum

Diencephalon - between brain

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3
Q

Name the 3 structures of the rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

A

Metencephalon - pons

Myelencephalon - medulla

Metencephalon - roof portion (cerebellum)

*** NOTE: hindbrain does not include midbrain

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4
Q

What structures surround the brainstem

A

Brainstem lies anterior to cerebellum

Superiorly, continuous with the diencephalon

Medulla is continuous with the spinal cord

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5
Q

What structure is bulbar palsy associated with

A

Medulla

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6
Q

Function of brainstem

A
  • Vital role in basic attention, arousal & consciousness
  • Passes information between the spinal-cord and the cerebrum
  • located in an area near bony protrusions, making it vulnerable to damage during trauma
  • cranial nerve exit points
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7
Q

What cranial nerves arise from the brainstem

A

CN 3-12

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8
Q

Sagittal section through the brain

A
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9
Q

Coronal section through brain & brainstem

A
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10
Q

What feature tells you that you’re in the brainstem specifically the midbrain

A

Substantia nigra

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11
Q

Name the structures on the posterior aspect of the brainstem

A
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12
Q

Posterior aspect of the brainstem

A
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13
Q

Where does the tegmentum lie

A
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14
Q

Locations of the pyramid, tegmentum and tectum of the

  • medulla
  • pons
  • midbrain
A
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15
Q

What features define the anterior surface of the midbrain

A
  • Interpeduncular fossa - deep depression in the midline
  • Cerebral peduncles
  • Posterior perforated substance - small BVs perforate floor
  • Oculomotor nerve emerges from groove on medial side
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16
Q

What features define the posterior surface of the midbrain

A

Superior & inferior colliculi (corpora quadrigemina)

Trochlear nerve emerges below inferior colliculi

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17
Q

What are superior colliculi responsible for

A

Visual centres for visual reflexes

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18
Q

What are inferior colliculi responsible for

A

Lower auditory centres

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19
Q

What are the internal structures of the midbrain

A

Cerebral peduncles

Crus cerebri - descending axonal tracts

Cerebral aqueduct

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20
Q

How is the cerebral peduncle divided

A

By pigmented substantia nigra

ANTERIOR - crus cerebri

POSTERIOR - tegmentum

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21
Q

What are crus cerebri

A

Descending axonal tracts

22
Q

Structure of cerebral aqueduct

What lies posterior to the cerebral aqueduct

A

Lined by ependymal cells

Surrounded by central grey matter - periaqueductal grey

TECTUM lies posterior to cerebral aqueduct

23
Q

What is the superior colliculi

What is the function of the SC

A
  • Large nucleus of grey matter
  • Part of visual system
  • Afferent corticotectal fibres from visual cortex - occipital lobe and frontal eye field of frontal lobe
  • Controls eye movement
24
Q

What defining feature lies at the level of the superior colliculi

A

RED NUCLEUS

  • Grey matter mass between cerebral aqueduct and substantia nigra
  • Redish hue due to iron containing pigment in cytoplasm of neurons
  • Fibres pass to spinal cord via rubrospinal tract
  • Motor control
25
Q

Function of the inferior colliculi

A
  • Nucleus of grey matter
  • Receives auditory info
  • Afferent auditory fibre → inferior colliculus
  • Efferent fibres → thalamus → auditory cortex of temporal lobe
26
Q

What is the substantia nigra

A
  • Dopaminergic neurons between crus cerebri & tegmentum
  • Melanin pigment within cytoplasm of neurons
  • Muscle tone - Parkinsons (degeneration of dopaminergic neurons)
  • In all midbrain levels
27
Q

What structures can be found throughout the entire length of the midbrain

A

Cerebral aqueduct

Substantia nigra

28
Q

What cranial nerves can be seen emerging from the pons

A
29
Q

What do the nuclei and tracts in the pons do

A

Relay info to and from cerebellum

30
Q

What cranial nerve nuclei lie in the pons

Function of nuclei in pons

A

Sensory and motor nuclei for CN V, VI, VII, VIII

Nuclei involved in control of respiration

31
Q

Structure of pons

A
32
Q

Features of the anterior surface of the pons

A
  • Many transverse fibres converge on each side - middle cerebellar peduncle
  • Midline - shallow basilar groove
  • Anterolateral surface - trigeminal nerve
  • Pontomedullary junction - abducent, facial, vestibulocochlear nerve
33
Q

Features of the posterior surface of the pons

A
  • Triangular shape - forms upper half of floor of 4th ventricle
  • Limited laterally by superior cerebellar peduncles
  • Divided symmetrically by median sulcus
  • Inferior medial eminence expanded to form the FACIAL COLLICULUS
34
Q

What is the sulcus limitans

A

Divided the alar from basilar plate in embryology

=> divided sensory from motor in posterior and anterior grey matter

35
Q

What is the facial colliculus

A

Expansion of inferior medial eminence

Nucleus of CN VI, but axons of facial nerve sweep around it

36
Q

Describe the internal structure of the pons (anterior and posterior)

What pathway is the pons a part of

A

Posterior part - tegmentum

Anterior part - basal part - pontine nuclei with transverse pontocerebellar fibres

Part of corticopontocerebellar pathway

37
Q

Where does the corticopontocerebellar pathway travel

A
38
Q

Function of medulla oblongata

A

Autonomic nuclei controlled visceral activities (reflex centres)

CV centres - cardiac centres & vasomotor centres

Respiratory rhythmicity centres

39
Q

Describe the anterior surface of the medulla

A
  • Anterior median fissure - continuous with fissure of spinal cord
  • Pyramid - swelling on each side of the fissure (Corticospinal fibres)
  • inferior pyramid - decussation of pyramids
  • Olives - posterolateral to pyramids
  • underlying olivary nucleus
  • Hypoglossal nerve between olive and pyramid
  • Inferior cerebellar peduncles posterior to olives
  • connecting groove site of glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory nerves
40
Q

What nerve lies between the olive and pyramid

A

Hypoglossal nerve

41
Q

Where do the inferior cerebellar peduncles lie

What connects to them

A

Posterior to olives

Connecting groove site of glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves

42
Q

Describe the features of the posterior surface of the medulla

A

SUPERIOR - lower part of floor of 4th ventricle

INFERIOR - continuous with spinal cord

Posterior median sulcus - gracile tubercle on each side of the sulcus, contains the gracile nucleus

43
Q

What structure lies lateral to the gracile tubercle

A

Cuneate tubercle

44
Q

Superior part of medulla

A

Pyramids formed by pyramidal tracts

Olive formed by the inferior olivary nucleus - associated with muscle movement

45
Q

Inferior part of medulla

Decussation of _____

A

Central canal

Decussation of pyramidal/corticospinal tract

  • most corticospinal fibres cross the median plane and continue down the spinal cord as the lateral corticospinal tract

Fasciculus gracilis & cuneatus

  • continue to ascend superiorly posterior to central grey matter
46
Q

Overview of decussation at inferior medulla

A
47
Q

Lateral & posterior view of brainstem

A
48
Q

Name the centres in the pons and medulla

A
49
Q

Arterial supply of midbrain

A

Posterior cerebral a.

Posterior communicating a.

50
Q

Arterial supply of pons

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar a.

Superior cerebellar a.

Pontine arteries

51
Q

Arterial supply of medulla

A

Posterior & inferior cerebellar a.

Anterior and posterior spinal arteries - branches of vertebral

CNS (36 decks)

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