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Unit 2 - Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the inner cell mass give rise to

A

Embryonic disc

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2
Q

Embryonic period

A
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3
Q

What is gastrulation

A
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4
Q

What is the inner cell mass converted to

A

Trilaminar embryonic disc and 4 extraembryonic membranes

The embryonic disc is composed of cells which develop to form the foetus

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5
Q

What does the mesoderm become

A

Muscle

Nervous tissue

Bone

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6
Q

What does the endoderm become

A

Internal organs of the body

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7
Q

Sagittal section of trilaminar disc about 16 days after fertilisation

A
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8
Q

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

A
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9
Q

2 structures formed at gastrulation

A

Primitive streak

Notochord

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10
Q

What is released from the notochord

A

Induction factors released from it and they stimulate the cells to form the groove (primitive streak)

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11
Q

What does the notochord induce

A

Specialisation of neural plate into neural groove

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12
Q

What is the neural plate

A

A thickened area of ectoderm

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13
Q

What develops from the neural plate

A

Longitudinal neural groove - neural folds on each side

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14
Q

How is the neural tube formed

A

Neural folds fuse in medial plane

Neural tube separate from surface ectoderm - beginning of brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

What signifies the beginning of the brain and spinal cord

A

Neural tube separates from surface ectoderm

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16
Q

When is neurulation complete

A

By end of week 4

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17
Q

What does the neural crest become

A

Future dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia, pia/arachnoid mater

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18
Q

How does ancephaly develop

A

If the cranial and caudal ends of neural tube (neuropores) do not close

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19
Q

What happens to the neuropores at each end of neural tube

Where does the neural plate expand

A

They close

Neural plate expanded rostrally where brain will develop

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20
Q

Overview of neurulation

A
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21
Q

Overview of notochord and embryonic disc

A
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22
Q

Development of brain

A
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23
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Forebrain

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24
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

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25
Rhomboencephalon
Hindbrain
26
When do the 3 primary brain vesicles develop
@ 4 weeks
27
When do the secondary brain vesicles develop
5th week
28
TELENCEPHALON Arises from Becomes
Prosencephalon Cerebrum
29
DIENCEPHALON Arises from Becomes
Derives from the prosencephalon Becomes the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
30
MESENCEPHALON
Only primary vesicle that does not form a new secondary vesicle
31
METENCEPHALON Arises from Becomes
Rhomboencephalon Pons & cerebellum
32
MYELENCEPHALON Arises from Becomes
Derives from rhomboencephalon (medulla oblongata)
33
Prosencephalon gives rise to
Telencephalon Diencephalon
34
Rhomboencephalon gives rise to
Metencephalon Myelencephalon
35
Overview of brain vesicles
36
Developing human brain
37
3 folds of the cranial neural tube when does this occur
Weeks 4-8 Mesencephalic **(cranial/cephalic) flexure** - forebrain folds back under rest of the brain Ventral folding occurs at **cervical flexure** between myelencephalon and spinal cord Reverse dorsal flexion at **pontine flexure**
38
How can the brain be divided into 2 parts
Brainstem - representing cranial continuation of spinal cord (similar organisation) Higher centres, consisting of cerebellum and forebrain (extremely specialised)
39
When does differentiation of neural tube cells begin
After closure of neural tube * Proliferation of ventricular layer of neuroepithelial cells * Neuroblasts migrate to mantle layer (grey matter) * Extend cell processes to marginal layer (white matter) * Glioblasts (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes) * Ependymal cells
40
Development of spinal cord
41
Ventricular vs pial surface
42
What layer eventually becomes white matter
Marginal layer → WM
43
What does the sulcus limitans demonstrate
Difference between where structures that are motor and strutures that are sensory are located
44
Ventricular layer/zone becomes
Central canal in adult
45
Mantle layer gives rise to
Neurons - that migrate towards alar plate
46
What happens to cells in the basal plate
Become more differentiated and allow for anterior median fissure
47
Where do cells go from the ventricular zone
To the mantle layer - gives rise to the neurons - migrate away to mantle layer and some migrate upward
48
What is the mantle zone (GREY MATTER) organised into
Alar and basal plates - like in spinal cord
49
Where is the 4th ventricle located
50
Where does the cerebellum arise from
Dorsal aspect of rhombic lip in brainstem along the edge of the ventricular region **_Dorsal rhombic lips of alar plates_**
51
When do the cells lining the tube start to differentiate
Once the neural tube closes
52
Development of cerebrum
Unique pattern of porliferation, migration and differentiation in cortex neuroepithelium - like other parts of neural tube Proliferating cells in ventricular zone (VZ) produce waves of neuroblasts Neurons migrate out of the VZ to establish cortical layers - grey matter of cortex
53
What is the VZ responsible for
Site of cell division Cells will brcome specialised - neurons to glial cells (neuroblasts/glioblasts)
54
What is the guidance cue for cell differentiation
Radial glia - one edge touching ventricular to pial cells
55
How does the cerebrum develop
56
What happens to cells born in the ventricular zone
They use the radial glia to migrate out along the width of the neural tube as it's developing
57
How does the cerebrum develop
In cortical plate, neurons become organised into well defined layers Neurons leave VZ and migrate past the older neurons (in deeper cortical layers) to the outermost cortex The layering of the cortex is thus an inside-first outside-last layering
58
What are the disorders of neuronal migration
Defects in lamination of the 6-layered structure Failed formation of gyri and sulci
59
What are mini columns Change in mini-columns with autism
Vertical (radial) assemblies of neurons Patients with autism shown to have an increased packing density of columns - thought to be anatomically and functionally interconnected
60
Glissincephaly
Smooth surface of the brain - only has a certain capacity to densely pack neurons
61
What gives rise to gyri
Sulci
62
When does myelination occur
Towards the end part of foetal development up to the age of 2
63
Overview of embryology

CNS (36 decks)

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