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CNS > Unit 2 - Embryology > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the inner cell mass give rise to

A

Embryonic disc

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2
Q

Embryonic period

A
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3
Q

What is gastrulation

A
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4
Q

What is the inner cell mass converted to

A

Trilaminar embryonic disc and 4 extraembryonic membranes

The embryonic disc is composed of cells which develop to form the foetus

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5
Q

What does the mesoderm become

A

Muscle

Nervous tissue

Bone

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6
Q

What does the endoderm become

A

Internal organs of the body

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7
Q

Sagittal section of trilaminar disc about 16 days after fertilisation

A
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8
Q

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

A
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9
Q

2 structures formed at gastrulation

A

Primitive streak

Notochord

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10
Q

What is released from the notochord

A

Induction factors released from it and they stimulate the cells to form the groove (primitive streak)

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11
Q

What does the notochord induce

A

Specialisation of neural plate into neural groove

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12
Q

What is the neural plate

A

A thickened area of ectoderm

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13
Q

What develops from the neural plate

A

Longitudinal neural groove - neural folds on each side

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14
Q

How is the neural tube formed

A

Neural folds fuse in medial plane

Neural tube separate from surface ectoderm - beginning of brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

What signifies the beginning of the brain and spinal cord

A

Neural tube separates from surface ectoderm

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16
Q

When is neurulation complete

A

By end of week 4

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17
Q

What does the neural crest become

A

Future dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia, pia/arachnoid mater

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18
Q

How does ancephaly develop

A

If the cranial and caudal ends of neural tube (neuropores) do not close

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19
Q

What happens to the neuropores at each end of neural tube

Where does the neural plate expand

A

They close

Neural plate expanded rostrally where brain will develop

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20
Q

Overview of neurulation

A
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21
Q

Overview of notochord and embryonic disc

A
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22
Q

Development of brain

A
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23
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Forebrain

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24
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

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25
Q

Rhomboencephalon

A

Hindbrain

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26
Q

When do the 3 primary brain vesicles develop

A

@ 4 weeks

27
Q

When do the secondary brain vesicles develop

A

5th week

28
Q

TELENCEPHALON

Arises from

Becomes

A

Prosencephalon

Cerebrum

29
Q

DIENCEPHALON

Arises from

Becomes

A

Derives from the prosencephalon

Becomes the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

30
Q

MESENCEPHALON

A

Only primary vesicle that does not form a new secondary vesicle

31
Q

METENCEPHALON

Arises from

Becomes

A

Rhomboencephalon

Pons & cerebellum

32
Q

MYELENCEPHALON

Arises from

Becomes

A

Derives from rhomboencephalon (medulla oblongata)

33
Q

Prosencephalon gives rise to

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

34
Q

Rhomboencephalon gives rise to

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

35
Q

Overview of brain vesicles

A
36
Q

Developing human brain

A
37
Q

3 folds of the cranial neural tube

when does this occur

A

Weeks 4-8

Mesencephalic (cranial/cephalic) flexure - forebrain folds back under rest of the brain

Ventral folding occurs at cervical flexure between myelencephalon and spinal cord

Reverse dorsal flexion at pontine flexure

38
Q

How can the brain be divided into 2 parts

A

Brainstem - representing cranial continuation of spinal cord (similar organisation)

Higher centres, consisting of cerebellum and forebrain (extremely specialised)

39
Q

When does differentiation of neural tube cells begin

A

After closure of neural tube

  • Proliferation of ventricular layer of neuroepithelial cells
  • Neuroblasts migrate to mantle layer (grey matter)
  • Extend cell processes to marginal layer (white matter)
  • Glioblasts (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes)
  • Ependymal cells
40
Q

Development of spinal cord

A
41
Q

Ventricular vs pial surface

A
42
Q

What layer eventually becomes white matter

A

Marginal layer → WM

43
Q

What does the sulcus limitans demonstrate

A

Difference between where structures that are motor and strutures that are sensory are located

44
Q

Ventricular layer/zone becomes

A

Central canal in adult

45
Q

Mantle layer gives rise to

A

Neurons - that migrate towards alar plate

46
Q

What happens to cells in the basal plate

A

Become more differentiated and allow for anterior median fissure

47
Q

Where do cells go from the ventricular zone

A

To the mantle layer - gives rise to the neurons - migrate away to mantle layer and some migrate upward

48
Q

What is the mantle zone (GREY MATTER) organised into

A

Alar and basal plates - like in spinal cord

49
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located

A
50
Q

Where does the cerebellum arise from

A

Dorsal aspect of rhombic lip in brainstem along the edge of the ventricular region

Dorsal rhombic lips of alar plates

51
Q

When do the cells lining the tube start to differentiate

A

Once the neural tube closes

52
Q

Development of cerebrum

A

Unique pattern of porliferation, migration and differentiation in cortex

neuroepithelium - like other parts of neural tube

Proliferating cells in ventricular zone (VZ) produce waves of neuroblasts

Neurons migrate out of the VZ to establish cortical layers - grey matter of cortex

53
Q

What is the VZ responsible for

A

Site of cell division

Cells will brcome specialised - neurons to glial cells (neuroblasts/glioblasts)

54
Q

What is the guidance cue for cell differentiation

A

Radial glia - one edge touching ventricular to pial cells

55
Q

How does the cerebrum develop

A
56
Q

What happens to cells born in the ventricular zone

A

They use the radial glia to migrate out along the width of the neural tube as it’s developing

57
Q

How does the cerebrum develop

A

In cortical plate, neurons become organised into well defined layers

Neurons leave VZ and migrate past the older neurons (in deeper cortical layers) to the outermost cortex

The layering of the cortex is thus an inside-first outside-last layering

58
Q

What are the disorders of neuronal migration

A

Defects in lamination of the 6-layered structure

Failed formation of gyri and sulci

59
Q

What are mini columns

Change in mini-columns with autism

A

Vertical (radial) assemblies of neurons

Patients with autism shown to have an increased packing density of columns - thought to be anatomically and functionally interconnected

60
Q

Glissincephaly

A

Smooth surface of the brain - only has a certain capacity to densely pack neurons

61
Q

What gives rise to gyri

A

Sulci

62
Q

When does myelination occur

A

Towards the end part of foetal development up to the age of 2

63
Q

Overview of embryology

A

CNS (36 decks)

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