Unit 7: Industrialization and Economic Development Patterns and Processes Chapter 18: Topic 7.1 Flashcards
The process of using machines and large-scale processes to convert raw materials into manufactured goods.
Industry
The basic substances such as minerals and crops needed to manufacture finished goods.
Raw Materials
A place where products are sold
Market
Small home-based businesses that make goods. Depend on intensive human labor since people used simple spinning wheels, looms, and other tools.
Cottage Industries
18th century, series of technological advancements. Resulted in more complex machinery driven by water or steam power that could make products faster and at lower costs than could cottage industries. Shifted from homes to factories. Capital-intensive.
Industrial Revolution (IR)
Scale of production:
Cottage Industry: Small, Factory Manufacturing: Large
Size of labor force:
Cottage Industry: One family, Factory Manufacturing: Dozens to thousands
Method of production:
Cottage Industry: Human labor, Factory Manufacturing: Machines
Typical building:
Cottage Industry: House or small workshop, Factory Manufacturing: Factory
Capital Investment:
Cottage Industry: Low, Factory Manufacturing: Large
Speed of production:
Cottage Industry: Slow, Factory Manufacturing: Fast
Efficiency:
Cottage Industry: Low, Factory Manufacturing: High
Market:
Cottage Industry: Local, Factory Manufacturing: Local and global
Characteristics of cottage industry vs. factory manufacturing
Global:
Mid 1700s –> Great Britain –> France and Netherlands
Mid 1800s –> Germany and US
Early 1900s –> Europe, Japan, China and South America
Today –> Most of the world is industrialized
Local:
Investors considered 3 main factors in choosing where to build a factory
1) Energy resources to provide power (rivers or coal deposits)
2) Minerals or agricultural products needed for producing goods
3) Transportation routes, such as roads, rivers, canals, and ports.
As transportation increased, location of coal supplies were no longer a worry. Instead, a location near a large workforce became ideal since many were moving to the cities and that created a concentration of people.
Global-scale diffusion of IR vs. local scale of IR diffusion
Social and economic:
Drew people to cities. This rapid urban growth brought problems regarding old systems for handling human waste, burring the dead, and cleaning up horse manure. Disease was rampant. Air pollution increased. Changed the class structure of a society. Middle class expanded rapidly.
In rural areas, the mechanization of agriculture drove people away, but those who were able to stay benefited from the increased productivity.
Urban working class employed in factories has hard and dangerous jobs, lived in crowded conditions in polluted areas and could not afford to purchase the products they made.
Expanding middle class, more comfortable lives and enough income to purchase the low-cost manufactured goods
Some factory owners, bankers, and other business in urban areas became extremely wealthy.
Landowners often maintained their control of land, but they lost much of the influence in society to the rising business-oriented class.
Geographic:
Grew outward (horizontally) and upward (vertically). Transportation allowed cities to spread out farther from the downtown core. People could live further and commute. Producers could transport food form the countryside into cities to feed a growing population. Elevators, stronger and more affordable steel, and techniques to construct stronger foundations combined to allow for people to construct taller buildings. Taller buildings made city populations more dense, public health measures became increasingly important.
Social, economic, and geographic changes to cities as they grow
As Great Britain and France industrialized, they desired to control trading posts and colonies around the world. They looked to colonies to provide various resources
1) Raw materials to use in mills and factories
2) Labor to extract raw materials
3) Markets where manufacturers could sell finished products
4) Ports where trading ships could stop to get resupplied
5) Capital from ports for investing in new factories, canals, and railroads.
Impact of IR on imperialism and colonies
Stretched across the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Included the northeastern and midwestern US, much of Europe, part of Russia, and Japan.
Industrial Belt
A process of decreasing reliance on manufacturing jobs. Improve technology led to companies needing fewer employees to produce the same quantity of goods. Manufacturing countries transfer production to semiperiphery countries, workers get paid low wages and companies get to avoid regulations meant to protect workers and the environment.
Deindustrialize
Regions that have large numbers of closed factories.
Rust Belt
