Unit 3: Cultural Patterns And Processes Chapter 7: Topic 3.7 Flashcards
Scientists who study languages
Linguists
The relationship among language families, it suggests how several languages are related to each other, as well as how one language grows out of another
Language Tree
A large group of languages that might have descended from a language spoken around 6,000 years ago. nearly half of the world’s population speaks one of the languages of this language family. This family includes about 2.8 billion native speakers and between 400 and 500 languages. Ex: German, English, Russian, Polish, Irish, Welsh, French, Spanish, Greek, Hindi and Urdu
Indo-European Language Family
The unifying language of Latin diverged into dozens of distinct regional languages Ex: Spanish, French, Italian, and Romanian
Romance Languages
The boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage
Isoglosses
Variations in accent, grammar, usage, and spelling create this or other regional variations of a language
Dialects
Sayings that attempt to express a truth about life
Adages
The names of places, these can provide insights into the physical geography, the history, or the culture of a location or region
Toponyms
One designated by law to be the language of government
Official Language
Made up largely of ethnically similar people Ex: Iceland, Japan, or Slovenia
Homogenous
Believers in their faith
Adherents
Are belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics among their followers
Ethnic Religions
Actively seeks converts to its faith regardless of their ethnic backgrounds
Universal Religions
Classified as an ethnic religion, includes the worship of many deities
Hinduism
Having many Gods
Polytheistic
Having one God
Monotheistic
The idea that behaviors have consequences in the present life or a future life
Karma
A rigid class structure that shaped Indian society
Caste System
Religion that grew out of the teachings of a prince named Siddhartha who lived around 600 B.C.E
Buddhism
Sought to eliminate desire and suffering, 4 main ideas of Buddhism
Four noble truths
Siddhartha advised followers to escape the cycle of suffering through “right” views, hopes, speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and meditation
Eightfold Path
Monotheistic faith founded by Guru Nanak in the Punjab region that crosses the border of India and Pakistan during the 16th century
Sikhism
A Sikh’s place of worship, followers usually attend a service once a week
Gurdwara
Monotheistic faith that believes the Torah expresses divine will
Judaism
First five books of the Hebrew Bible in Judaism
Torah
Systematic murder of 6 million Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II
Holocaust
Followers if a Jewish teacher, Jesus. This evolved into their own religion based on the belief that Jesus was the son of God and the savior of humans
Christianity
Religion followed by Muslims. They believe that Allah (God) revealed his teachings to humans through a series of prophets
Islam
1) Belief in one God (Allah)
2) Ritual Prayer
3) Almsgiving (giving of wealth or volunteering for charitable causes)
4) Fasting (abstaining from food or drink)
5) Pilgrimage to Mecca
5 Pillars
90% of Muslims
Sunni
10% of Muslims
Shia
A religious journey taken by a person to a sacred place of his or her religion
Pilgrimage
