Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes Chapter 16: Topic 6.5

Question 1

• Classifying and categorizing land use in urban areas
• Describing how various land uses are segregated spatially
• Offering explanations for the location of different urban land uses

Answer 1

Function of urban models (3)

Question 2

The idea that portions of an urban area-regions, or zones, within the city-have specific and distinct purposes.

Answer 2

Functional zonation

Question 3

Commercial heart of a city. Often located near the physical center of a city, or the crossroads where the city was founded, it is the focus of transportation and services.

Answer 3

Central Business District (CBD)

Question 4

Land in the center of a city will have a higher value than land farther away from the city’s center. Land use will be more intense and costs will be higher closer to the CBD. High-order services dominate the CBD.

Answer 4

Bid-Rent Theory

Question 5

Zone outside the CBD is dedicated to industry. This may include manufacturing, warehousing, and transportation. Usually separated from residential areas because they are associated with air and noise pollution.

Answer 5

Industrial/commercial zones

Question 6

Commercial interests benefit each other. Ex: restaurants and theaters benefit in being in the same zone, as do clothing stores and show stores

Answer 6

Commensal relationship

Question 7

Areas where people live

Answer 7

Residential Zones

Question 8

Describes a city as a series of rings that surround the CBD. 1st ring is a transition zone that mixed industrial uses with low-cost housing. Manufacturing benefits from proximity to the city-center workers and affordable land. Housing in this zone is often high-density, consisting of older, subdivided homes. Next three rings are residential. One is for working-class housing, then one of more expensive housing, and finally, one of larger homes on the edge of the city in the suburbs. Greater distance from CBD = land is plentiful and affordable so residences are larger and higher quality, population densities decrease.

Model Labelled Diagram Game:
https://wordwall.net/resource/53411741

Answer 8

Concentric Zone Model

Question 9

Described how different types of land use and housing were all located near the CBD early in the city’s history. Each grew outward as the city expanded, creating wedges, or sectors of land use, rather than rings. Describes sectors of land use for low, medium, and high-income housing. Locates the sectors for the low income, lower quality housing next to industrial and transportation zones, and it places high-income, residences extending in a wedge way from these zones along wide tree-lined boulevards or on higher ground. Notes a sector for transportation extending from the city’s center to the edge (rail, canal, and other transport networks). Transportation sector favors adjacent zone of manufacturing.

Model Labelled Diagram Game:
https://wordwall.net/resource/53412348

Answer 9

Sector Model

Question 10

Suggested that functional zonation occurred around multiple centers, or nodes. The characteristics of each node either attracted or repelled certain types of activities. Result: city that consists of a patchwork of land uses, each with its own center, or nucleus. CBD and related functions continued to exist but were joined by smaller business districts that emerged in the suburbs.

Model Labelled Diagram Game:
https://wordwall.net/resource/53412584

Answer 10

Multiple Nuclei Model

Question 11

Variant of the multiple-nuclei model, describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along a ring road or beltway.

Answer 11

Peripheral Model

Question 12

Original CBD becomes surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimicked its function. As suburbs grew, they took some CBD functions. At key locations, people created mini-downtowns of hotels, malls, restaurants, and office complexes.

Model Labelled Diagram Game:
https://wordwall.net/resource/53412999

Answer 12

Galactic City Model

Question 13

Grew out of medieval and pre-industrial cities. City walls were built for protection, grew slowly and with little planning. Dense mix of commercial and residential land use with narrow, winding streets. Land use zones make it difficult to find the core areas of these cities. Urban renovations produced elegant, wide boulevards with high-quality housing and shops. Limited new construction and restriction of height of buildings to preserve historic urban cores. Former palace grounds have become large urban parks. More residents live in low-rise apartment buildings. Include more small businesses such as vegetable markets, bakeries, and butcher shops. Walkable lifestyle. European suburbs have higher buildings, and higher population densities in the suburbs of Europe. Ethnic diversity in suburbs, reflects colonial heritage of country. Ex: London -> South Asians and Paris -> North African.

Answer 13

European Cities Characteristics

Question 14

Central mosque that includes one or more tall and highly visible minarets, or tall slender towers. Mosques are surrounded by a complex of structures to serve the public, such schools and soup kitchens. Mosques were added in outlying neighborhoods. Defensive citadel, fort designed to protect the city, which its related palace and barracks for soldiers. Walls were gates and towers were typical in earlier times and their remnants still survive in modern Islamic cities. Roads connect gates of the citadel to the city center. Along the roads there are traditional outdoor markets or covered bazaars, called suqs. Markets often exhibit spatial differentiation with shops selling luxury items near the center of the city, with bulkier, less-valuable materials for sale near the wall and gates. Streets and alleys are usually twisting and often dead-end. Homes have central courtyards rather than yards in the front or back. Windows are small and located above eye level. These create shady areas, cultural adaptations to the sun and heat or imply that privacy is an important value.

Answer 14

Middle Eastern/Islamic Cities Characteristics

Question 15

Places 2 part CBD at the center of a city, a traditional market center adjacent to a modern high-rise center. Most desirable housing in the city is located there, next to the developed part of the city. This high-quality housing extends outward from the urban core, accompanied by a commercial spine of development. Theaters, restaurants, parks, and other amenities are also located along this spine, or corridor. The spine ends in a growing secondary center, also called a mall. As distance increases from the center of Latin American cities, the quality of housing decreases. public transportation, urban water supply, and access to electricity all decrease farther away from the center, sometimes disappearing all together. In Situ Accretion -> Acts as a transitional area between the older areas of the central city and the peripheral outer ring. Periferico -> Outer ring that shows poverty and lack of infrastructure.

Model Labelled Diagram Game:
https://wordwall.net/resource/53433965

Answer 15

Griffin-Ford Model (Latin America)

Question 16

Poverty, lack of infrastructure and areas of poorly built housing. Residents are recent migrants to the city. Possible presence of an industrial node closer to the commercial spine. Neighborhoods marked by extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness. Most ___ are in disamenity zones -> areas not connected to city services and under control of criminals. Physically unsafe location, such as on steep, unstable mountain slopes. Structures are poorly constructed often by the residents themselves, and densely packed together.

Answer 16

Barrios/Favelas/Shantytowns

Question 17

Large cities were rare until the 19th century. In recent decades, urban areas have grown rapidly. New cities have been built next to or on top of existing ones. These new cities can include several identifiable regions:
- Traditional CBD -> Before European colonization small shops clustered along narrow, twisting streets. Includes the formal economy-permanent stores with full-time jobs that comply with local regulations and have set wages.
- Colonial CBD -> Broad, straight avenues an large homes, parks and administrative centers
- Informal economy zone -> Thrives with curbside, car-side, and tall-based businesses that often hire people temporarily and do not follow all regulations. This zone also includes periodic markets, where small-scale merchants congregate weekly or yearly to sell their goods.
- A zone of mining and manufacturing is often found in cities
- Residential zones are often based on ethnicity. These mirror multi-ethnic makeup of ___ countries.

Model Labelled Diagram Game:
https://wordwall.net/resource/53434487

Answer 17

Characteristic of African Cities

Question 18

The periphery of cities often consists of densely populated informal settlements, ______. Often lack sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage. They face problems with drugs, crime, and disease. EX: Kibera on the western edge of Nairobi, Kenya

Answer 18

Squatter Settlements

Question 19

McGee Model; The focus of the modern city is often a former colonial port zone. Export-orientated zone shares commercial uses similar to the CBD in North American cities. These cities might include a govt zone. If the city is a national or regional capital, it might have a commercial zone dominated by foreign merchants and ambassadors. A belt of market gardening often surrounds and supplies these cities. History of Chinese immigration and commercial interest that dates back a few centuries. Many cities include a secondary commercial zone dominated by Chinese businesses. Industrial parks and regions of manufacturing have merged on the peripheries of some cities.

Model Labelled Diagram Game:
https://wordwall.net/resource/53434826

Answer 19

Characteristic of SE Asian Cities