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Pharmacology > Unit 4- Steroid and NSAID > Flashcards

Unit 4- Steroid and NSAID Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal Gland Secretion

A

Adrenalin, corticosteroids

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2
Q

Pituitary Gland Secretion

A

Growth hormone, corticotropin (ACTH), thyrotropin (TSH), gonadotropins (LH and FSH), prolactin, vasopressin (ADH), oxytocin

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3
Q

Testicle Secretion

A

Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

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4
Q

Ovary Secretion

A

Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

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5
Q

Pancreas Secretion

A

Insulin, glucagon

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6
Q

Thyroid Secretion

A

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, parathyroid

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7
Q

Hypothalamus Secretion

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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8
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Cholesterol backbone, easily crosses cell membrane; progesterone, testosterone, estrogen, cortisol

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9
Q

Amine Hormones

A

Thyroxine, catecholamines, melatonin

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10
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

Insulin, oxytocin, vasopressin, growth hormone

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11
Q

Endogenous Corticosteroids

A

Cortisol regulates metabolism and immune, Aldosterone regulates sodium and water retention

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12
Q

Cortisol Synthetic Analog

A

Hydrocortisone

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13
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Effect metabolism, electrolytes, CNS, cardiovascular, skeletal muscle, blood cells, lymphoid tissue, and immunologic system, anti inflammatory and immunosuppressive

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14
Q

Corticosteroid Adverse Effects

A

Appetite, weight gain, mood changes, muscle weakness, blurred vision, body hair growth, bruising, susceptibility to infection

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15
Q

Prolonged Steroid Adverse Effects

A

Adrenal atrophy, osteoporosis, immunosuppression, euphoria

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16
Q

Inflammation

A

Immunovascular immune response to tissue injury, eliminate injury and initiate repair, mediated by chemical mediators

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17
Q

Small Animal Inflammatory Diseases

A

IBD, gastric ulcer, septic inflammatory, skin disease, neoplasia, inflammatory joint, inflammatory oral, primary inflammatory brain disorder

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18
Q

Signs of Inflammation

A

Pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function

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19
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

Initial response, plasma and leukocytes mobilized to tissue

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20
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

Prolonged, mononuclear cells at site, destruction and healing of tissue

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21
Q

Inflammatory Response Complex

A

Activation of leukocytes and release of chemical mediators, arachidonic acid metabolism, vascular permeability altered, neutrophils release free radicals, pro-inflammatory cytokines

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22
Q

Products of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism

A

Leukotrienes, thromboxanes, prostaglandins

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23
Q

NSAID MOA

A

Inhibit cyclooxygenase

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24
Q

COX Enzymes

A

Cyclooxygenase, converts prostaglandins to thromboxane A2

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25
COX-1 Enzyme
Constitutive, has a constant level of activity, maintains gastric mucosa, vascular homeostasis, platelet aggregation, maintains blood flow, produces PGs and TXA2
26
COX-2 Enzyme
Inducible, expressed at sites of injury, up regulates pain receptors, mediated by inflammation, causes fever, upregulated by cancer, produces PGs, and bradykinin
27
COX-3 Enzyme
Regulates fever, located in the brain, discovered in dogs
28
5-LOX Enzyme
Produces pro-inflammatory leukotrienes
29
Prostaglandins
Produced in many tissues, control inflammation, blood flow, and blood clots, promote inflammation, pain, and fever
30
Thromboxane A2
Platelet aggregation, smooth muscle contraction, endothelial inflammatory response activation
31
LOX Inhibition
GI safety, greater analgesic efficacy
32
NSAID Functions
Analgesia, antipyresis, anti-inflammation
33
NSAID Uses
Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, pancreatitis, dental pain, skin inflammation
34
NSAID Adverse Effects
GI complications, deteriorate osteoarthritis
35
Cat NSAIDs
None approved long term, Robenacoxib and Melocixam for short term, overdose leads to stomach ulcer, kidney damage, liver problem, brain damage
36
NSAID Pharmacokinetics
Well absorbed, bound by albumin, metabolized in liver
37
Coxibs
Selective COX-2 inhibitors, Deracoxib and Firocoxib
38
Osteoarthritis Drugs
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan and Hyaluronate sodium
39
NSAIDs that poison animals
Aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, cause GI ulceration, hepatic and renal toxicity
40
GI Mucosa COX
COX-1 produces PGE2 protecting gastric mucosa, inhibition leads to ulcer and GI bleeding
41
Kidney COX
COX-1 and 2 produce PGE2 and PGI2, increasing GFR and Na/H2O excretion, inhibition leads to Nz/H2O retention, hypertension, and hemodynamic acute kidney injury
42
Cardiovascular COX
COX-2 produces PGI2 vasodilating and inhibiting platelet aggregation, COX-1 produces TXA2 vasoconstricting and causing platelet aggregation, inhibition leads to stroke and myocardial infarction
43
Aspirin and COX-1
Low dose aspirin irreversibly inhibits COX-1
44
LOX Inhibitors
Benoxaprofen, Ketoprofen, Licofelone, and Corticosteroids, Tepoxalin approved for osteoarthritis in dogs
45
Selective COX-1 Inhibiting Drugs
Low dose aspirin, causes GI ulceration and bleeding
46
Nonselective COX Inhibiting Drugs
Naproxen, Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Aspirin, Flunixin meglumine, causes paradoxical hyperpyrexia
47
Selective COX-2 Inhibiting Drugs
Meloxicam, Etodolac, Phenylbutazone, Carprofen, Deracoxib, Firocoxib, Robenacoxib, increase blood clotting
48
Dual Inhibiting Drugs
Tepolaxin
49
Aspirin
Low dose prevents heart attack and stroke, reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and platelet aggregation
50
Aspirin MOA
Irreversible COX-1 inhibition, decreased PG synthesis and TXA2 expression
51
Aspirin Adverse Effects
GI distress, cats sensitive, pyrexia, respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, pulmonary edema, bleeding during surgery, aggravated osteoarthritis, interaction with warfarin
52
Aspirin Toxicity Treatment
Induce emesis, gastric lavage and charcoal, alkalinizing agent to increase urinary excretion, IV fluid therapy
53
Flunixin meglumine
Banamine, nonselective COX inhibitor
54
Flunixin MOA
Greater COX-2 inhibition in horses, greater COX-1 inhibition in dogs
55
Flunixin Uses
Acute, visceral, and surgical pain, alleviates colic pain, post op analgesia in horse, control pyrexia in cattle
56
Flunixin Adverse Effects
Myonecrosis, overdose causing ulcer, CNS depression, and anorexia in horse, renal failure and GI damage in dog
57
Ketoprofen
Nonselective COX inhibitor
58
Ketoprofen MOA
Inhibits COX-1, COX-2, and LOX
59
Ketoprofen Use
Acute and chronic musculoskeletal disorders in horses
60
Ketoprofen Adverse Effects
GI ulceration, decreased platelet aggregation
61
Phenylbutazone
Safety and efficacy makes it the most commonly used equine NSAID, preferential COX-2 inhibitor
62
Phenylbutazone Use
Osteoarthritis, lameness, rheumatism, limb pain, nonspecific inflammation
63
Phenylbutazone Adverse Effects
GI distress, renal papillary necrosis, death
64
Carprofen
Rimadyl, preferential COX-2 inhibitor
65
Carprofen MOA
More than 100x preference for canine COX-2
66
Carprofen Uses
Short and long term pain management for musculoskeletal disorders
67
Carprofen Adverse Effects
Lower frequency of GI ulceration, diarrhea, anorexia, vomiting, not for pregnant or lactating
68
Meloxicam
Metacam, preferential COX-2 inhibitor, approved in cats
69
Meloxicam Uses
Chronic pain and inflammation from osteoarthritis and post-operative somatic pain
70
Meloxicam Adverse Effects
Rare and transient, can lead to renal failure in cats, not for pregnant, lactating, or young
71
Etodolac
Preferntial COX-2 inhibitor
72
Etodolac Uses
Osteoarthritis in dogs
73
Etodolac Adverse Effects
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs, GI distress, CNS depression, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity
74
Tepoxalin
Zubrin, dual inhibitor
75
Tepoxalin Uses
Osteoarthritis and allergy in dogs, postoperative pain control
76
Tepoxalin Adverse Effects
GI distress, CNS depression, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity
77
Deracoxib
Used for osteoarthritis and post operative pain, can cause GI distress
78
Firocoxib
Used for osteoarthritis, higher availability in horse than dog, highly protein bound, can cause diarrhea and mouth ulceration in hose and vacuolization in brain of dogs
79
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Topical solvent, inhibits PG synthesis and traps free radicals, analgesic, diuretic, anticholinesterase, antibacterial and antifungal
80
DMSO Uses
Acute swelling from trauma, cerebral edema from spinal cord trauma, cystitis in cat, burns, skin grafts, ischemia, edema of limbs from fractures, swelling of mammary, injectiion of drugs
81
DMSO Adverse Effects
Transient local effects, myopia in long term use, hemolysis and hemoglobinuria from IV injection, hepatic and renal damage, CNS sedation
82
Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan
Disease modifying osteoarthritis drug
83
PSGAG MOA
Promotes chondroprotection, increases synovial fluid, inhibits PGE2 synthesis, leukocyte migration, and interleukin levels
84
PSGAG Uses
Treats traumatic joint dysfunction in horse and osteoarthritis and hip dysplasia in dog
85
Hyaluronate Sodium
Cushions and lubricates articular soft tissue, scavenges free radicals to treat synovitis in dog and hose

Pharmacology (32 decks)

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