Unit 3- Ophthalmic Flashcards
Blood-Ocular Barriers
Blood-aqueous and blood-retinal, inflammation decreases effectiveness and lets drugs in
α1
Pupil dilation, increased lacrimal secretion
β2
Ciliary relaxation
M Receptors
Pupil constriction, ciliary contraction, increased lacrimal secretion
Parasympathetic Innervation
Lacrimal glands, iris sphincter, extraocular muscles
Sympathetic Innervation
Adnexa, iris dilator, ciliary body, iridocorneal angle
Hyaloideocapsular Ligament
Junction of lens and anterior vitreous, barrier of movement anteriorly or posteriorly
Intracameral Injection
Injection into anterior chamber
Intravitreal Injection
Injection into vitreous
Peribulbar Injection
Injection behind the globe
Subconjunctival Injection
Injection between conjunctiva and sclera
Systemic Treatment
Must be lipophilic, indicated for eyelid or orbital disease, or posterior segment disease
Glaucoma
Increased IOP due to decreased aqueous humor drainage
Primary Glaucoma
Abnormality of drainage angle
Secondary Glaucoma
Obstruction of drainage
β Blockers
Timolol and betaxolol, decreased humor production
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Dorzolamide, brinzolamide, methozolamine, acetozolamide, decrease humor production
Prostaglandin Analogues
Latanoprost, bimaprost, travoprost, increase nonconventional drainage through FP receptors, prodrugs
Prostaglandin Analogue Side Effects
Ineffective in cats, inflammation in horses, miosis
Hyperosmotic Agents
Mannitol and glycerol, serum becomes hyperosmotic to intraocular fluids
Hyperosmotic Agent Side Effects
Cardiovascular disease, renal disease, DM, may induce vomiting
Parasympathomimetics
Pilocarpine, demecarium bromide, induce miosis and widen the iridocorneal angle to increase drainage
Parasympathomimetic Side Effects
Irritation, contraindicated with uveitis
Topical Antiinflammatories
Treat ocular surface and anterior inflammation
Systemic Antiinflammatories
Treat posterior uveitis
Corticosteroids
Inhibit arachidonic acid cascade
Corticosteroid Side Effects
Long term causes corneal deposits, systemic absorption causes endocrine imbalance, inhibit reepithelialization of ulcer
NSAIDs
Inhibit prostaglandin production, less effective than steroids
NSAID Side Effects
Can inhibit reepithelialization
Normal Ocular Bacteria
Gram positive
Psuedomonas aeruginosa
Gram negative ocular pathogens
Aminoglycosides
Topical, treat gram neg and Staph aureus
Tetracyclines
Topical, wide spectrum, increase wound healing
Floroquinolones
Topical, gram neg and positive, retinal degeneration in cats
Lincosamide and macrolides
Gram positive
Polyenes
Broad spectrum antifungals, poor penetration
Azoles
Filamentous antifungals, monitor liver enzymes
Viral Infection
Feline herpesvirus, pyrimidine and purine analogs
Pilocarpine
Increase tear production, parasympathomimetic
Mydriatics
Dilate pupil for diagnostic examination
Cycloplegics
Paralyze ciliary body, treat anterior uveitis
Sympathomimetics
Used prior to surgery and to diagnose Horner’s
Parasympatholytics
Anticholinergics, mydriatic and paralytic, affected by pigment