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Pharmacology > Unit 2- Inhalant Anesthetics > Flashcards

Unit 2- Inhalant Anesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

Dissociative Anesthesia

A

Analgesia and sleep, different levels of the CNS are dissociated from one another

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2
Q

Dissociative Agents

A

Ketamine and tiletamine

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3
Q

Dissociative Anesthetics

A

Induce sedation, immobility, amnesia, and analgesia, reflexes are maintained, good somatic analgesia and poor visceral analgesia, poor muscle relaxation, affects fetus

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4
Q

Dissociatives Pharmacologic Effects

A

Increased cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure, cardiac depression or paradoxical stimulation in healthy animals, apnea in cats

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5
Q

Cyclohexlyamine Effects

A

Described in humans, altered perception without hallucination, detachment and depersonalization, addictive, memory loss, hyperthermia, convulsions, and death

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6
Q

Cyclohexamine Influcences

A

Blank stare, confusion, chemical odor, cyclic behavior

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7
Q

Ketamine

A

Used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, used with sedative and muscle relaxant, for cats, dogs, small ruminants, swine, horses, and cattle

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8
Q

Ketamine Unique Properties

A

Hypnotic, analgesic, amnesic

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9
Q

Ketamine MOA

A

Interrupts connection between cortex and limbic system, stimulates opioid receptors, stimulates catecholamine release

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10
Q

NMDAR

A

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors involved in excitatory glutaminergic neurotransmission, antagonized by ketamine

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11
Q

Ketamine NMDAR Antagonist

A

Affects NMDA receptors on GABA interneurons resulting in high GABA and low glutamate levels, affects many other targets as well

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12
Q

Ketamine Use

A

For minor procedures in cat, tranquilizer with opioids to induce anesthesia, constant rate infusion for analgesia

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13
Q

Ketamine Combination in Horse

A

Xylazine used as muscle relaxant prior to ketamine

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14
Q

Ketamine Combination in Small Animal

A

Xylazine, diazepam, midazolam, or dexmedetomidine used to prevent seizures and provide muscle relaxation

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15
Q

Ketamine Combination in Ruminants

A

Diazepam or xylazine used to provide muscle relaxation

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16
Q

Ketamine Adverse Effects

A

Seizures in horses and dogs, salivation and trancelike state in cats, and corneal ulceration

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17
Q

Ketamine Contraindications

A

Animals with corneal injury, animals with head trauma or tumors

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18
Q

Telazol

A

Tiletamine and zolazepam, short term anesthesia in uncooperative dogs and feral cats

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19
Q

Telazol Combination Horses

A

With xylazine and butorphanol

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20
Q

Telazol Combination Pigs

A

Xylazine and ketamine

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21
Q

Telazol Combination Ruminants

A

Alone or with xylazine

22
Q

Telazol Adverse Effects

A

Muscle tremor, paddling, whining, and tachycardia in dogs, hyperthermia

23
Q

Telazol Contraindications

A

Corneal ulcer or head trauma

24
Q

Inhalant Anesthetics MOA

A

Unknown, likely not a single receptor

25
Q

Inhalant Site of Action

A

Brain and spinal cord

26
Q

Inhalant Administration

A

Administered by specialized equipment, through a mask connected to a vaporizer and delivery system

27
Q

Inhalant Anesthesia Safety

A

Depth of anesthesia can be altered more rapidly, safer for liver and kidney problems, breathing 100% oxygen, intubated

28
Q

Inhalant Anesthesia Disadvantages

A

Slower induction, requires special machine, safety issues

29
Q

Inhalant Uptake

A

From the lungs, uptaken more rapidly with higher concentration

30
Q

Inhalant Distribution

A

Determined by regional blood flow to CNS and other tissues

31
Q

Inhalant Elimination

A

By the lungs

32
Q

Inhalant Metabolism

A

Minimal hepatic

33
Q

Vapor Pressure

A

Tendency of a liquid to enter the gaseous state, temp and anesthetic dependent

34
Q

Volatile Agents

A

Higher vapor pressure, delivered from a precision vaporizer: isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, halothane, diethyl ether

35
Q

Nonvolatile Agents

A

Low vapor pressure, delivered from a non-precision vaporizer: Methoxyflurane

36
Q

Blood:Gas Partition Coefficient

A

Measure of solubility of an anesthetic in blood as compared to air

37
Q

Low Blood:Gas Partition Coefficient

A

Agent more soluble in alveolar gas than blood, faster induction and recovery

38
Q

High Blood:Gas Partition Coefficient

A

Agent more soluble in blood than alveolar gas, slower expected induction and recovery

39
Q

Minimum Alveolar Concentration

A

Measure of potency of a drug used to determine vaporizer setting, higher potency= lower MAC

40
Q

Halogenated Compounds

A

Inhibit signals through GABA receptors, NMDA receptors, M and N receptors, and serotonin receptors: Enflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane, and Sevoflurane

41
Q

Halogenated Compounds Pharmacologic Effects

A

Reversible CNS depression, hypothermia, safe for epileptics, cardiac depression, ventilation depression

42
Q

Halogenated Compounds Adverse Effects

A

Increase intracranial pressure, decrease blood flow and renal flow, hypoventilation, carbon dioxide retention and acidosis

43
Q

Isoflurane and Sevoflurane

A

High vapor pressure, good for induction, stable at room temp, low blood:gas partition coefficient

44
Q

Isoflurane

A

More potent than sevoflurane

45
Q

Sevoflurane

A

Faster induction and recovery than iso, high controllability of depth of anesthesia, higher anesthetic index, more expensive

46
Q

Isoflurane Pharmacologic Effects

A

Maintains cerebral blood flow, fewest cardiac effects, eliminated through lungs, good muscle relaxation, little analgesia

47
Q

Sevoflurane Pharmacologic Effects

A

Maintains cerebral blood flow, minimal cardiac depression, eliminated through lungs, minimal hepatic metabolism, good muscle relaxation, little analgesia

48
Q

Desflurane

A

Similar to iso, precision vaporizer, lowest blood: gas partition coefficient, rapid induction and recovery, least potent inhalant, eliminated by lungs

49
Q

Halothane

A

Not commonly used besides pigs

50
Q

Nitrous Oxide

A

Used by human medicine, sometimes used at room temp

51
Q

Doxapram

A

Respiratory stimulant for shortening recovery after anesthesia

52
Q

Doxapram Use

A

In neonate puppies and kittens after C-section, IV or sublingual

Pharmacology (32 decks)

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