Unit 2- Inhalant Anesthetics

Question 1

Dissociative Anesthesia

Answer 1

Analgesia and sleep, different levels of the CNS are dissociated from one another

Question 2

Dissociative Agents

Answer 2

Ketamine and tiletamine

Question 3

Dissociative Anesthetics

Answer 3

Induce sedation, immobility, amnesia, and analgesia, reflexes are maintained, good somatic analgesia and poor visceral analgesia, poor muscle relaxation, affects fetus

Question 4

Dissociatives Pharmacologic Effects

Answer 4

Increased cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure, cardiac depression or paradoxical stimulation in healthy animals, apnea in cats

Question 5

Cyclohexlyamine Effects

Answer 5

Described in humans, altered perception without hallucination, detachment and depersonalization, addictive, memory loss, hyperthermia, convulsions, and death

Question 6

Cyclohexamine Influcences

Answer 6

Blank stare, confusion, chemical odor, cyclic behavior

Question 7

Ketamine

Answer 7

Used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, used with sedative and muscle relaxant, for cats, dogs, small ruminants, swine, horses, and cattle

Question 8

Ketamine Unique Properties

Answer 8

Hypnotic, analgesic, amnesic

Question 9

Ketamine MOA

Answer 9

Interrupts connection between cortex and limbic system, stimulates opioid receptors, stimulates catecholamine release

Question 10

NMDAR

Answer 10

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors involved in excitatory glutaminergic neurotransmission, antagonized by ketamine

Question 11

Ketamine NMDAR Antagonist

Answer 11

Affects NMDA receptors on GABA interneurons resulting in high GABA and low glutamate levels, affects many other targets as well

Question 12

Ketamine Use

Answer 12

For minor procedures in cat, tranquilizer with opioids to induce anesthesia, constant rate infusion for analgesia

Question 13

Ketamine Combination in Horse

Answer 13

Xylazine used as muscle relaxant prior to ketamine

Question 14

Ketamine Combination in Small Animal

Answer 14

Xylazine, diazepam, midazolam, or dexmedetomidine used to prevent seizures and provide muscle relaxation

Question 15

Ketamine Combination in Ruminants

Answer 15

Diazepam or xylazine used to provide muscle relaxation

Question 16

Ketamine Adverse Effects

Answer 16

Seizures in horses and dogs, salivation and trancelike state in cats, and corneal ulceration

Question 17

Ketamine Contraindications

Answer 17

Animals with corneal injury, animals with head trauma or tumors

Question 18

Telazol

Answer 18

Tiletamine and zolazepam, short term anesthesia in uncooperative dogs and feral cats

Question 19

Telazol Combination Horses

Answer 19

With xylazine and butorphanol

Question 20

Telazol Combination Pigs

Answer 20

Xylazine and ketamine

Question 21

Telazol Combination Ruminants

Answer 21

Alone or with xylazine

Question 22

Telazol Adverse Effects

Answer 22

Muscle tremor, paddling, whining, and tachycardia in dogs, hyperthermia

Question 23

Telazol Contraindications

Answer 23

Corneal ulcer or head trauma

Question 24

Inhalant Anesthetics MOA

Answer 24

Unknown, likely not a single receptor

Question 25

Inhalant Site of Action

Answer 25

Brain and spinal cord

Question 26

Inhalant Administration

Answer 26

Administered by specialized equipment, through a mask connected to a vaporizer and delivery system

Question 27

Inhalant Anesthesia Safety

Answer 27

Depth of anesthesia can be altered more rapidly, safer for liver and kidney problems, breathing 100% oxygen, intubated

Question 28

Inhalant Anesthesia Disadvantages

Answer 28

Slower induction, requires special machine, safety issues

Question 29

Inhalant Uptake

Answer 29

From the lungs, uptaken more rapidly with higher concentration

Question 30

Inhalant Distribution

Answer 30

Determined by regional blood flow to CNS and other tissues

Question 31

Inhalant Elimination

Answer 31

By the lungs

Question 32

Inhalant Metabolism

Answer 32

Minimal hepatic

Question 33

Vapor Pressure

Answer 33

Tendency of a liquid to enter the gaseous state, temp and anesthetic dependent

Question 34

Volatile Agents

Answer 34

Higher vapor pressure, delivered from a precision vaporizer: isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, halothane, diethyl ether

Question 35

Nonvolatile Agents

Answer 35

Low vapor pressure, delivered from a non-precision vaporizer: Methoxyflurane

Question 36

Blood:Gas Partition Coefficient

Answer 36

Measure of solubility of an anesthetic in blood as compared to air

Question 37

Low Blood:Gas Partition Coefficient

Answer 37

Agent more soluble in alveolar gas than blood, faster induction and recovery

Question 38

High Blood:Gas Partition Coefficient

Answer 38

Agent more soluble in blood than alveolar gas, slower expected induction and recovery

Question 39

Minimum Alveolar Concentration

Answer 39

Measure of potency of a drug used to determine vaporizer setting, higher potency= lower MAC

Question 40

Halogenated Compounds

Answer 40

Inhibit signals through GABA receptors, NMDA receptors, M and N receptors, and serotonin receptors: Enflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane, and Sevoflurane

Question 41

Halogenated Compounds Pharmacologic Effects

Answer 41

Reversible CNS depression, hypothermia, safe for epileptics, cardiac depression, ventilation depression

Question 42

Halogenated Compounds Adverse Effects

Answer 42

Increase intracranial pressure, decrease blood flow and renal flow, hypoventilation, carbon dioxide retention and acidosis

Question 43

Isoflurane and Sevoflurane

Answer 43

High vapor pressure, good for induction, stable at room temp, low blood:gas partition coefficient

Question 44

Isoflurane

Answer 44

More potent than sevoflurane

Question 45

Sevoflurane

Answer 45

Faster induction and recovery than iso, high controllability of depth of anesthesia, higher anesthetic index, more expensive

Question 46

Isoflurane Pharmacologic Effects

Answer 46

Maintains cerebral blood flow, fewest cardiac effects, eliminated through lungs, good muscle relaxation, little analgesia

Question 47

Sevoflurane Pharmacologic Effects

Answer 47

Maintains cerebral blood flow, minimal cardiac depression, eliminated through lungs, minimal hepatic metabolism, good muscle relaxation, little analgesia

Question 48

Desflurane

Answer 48

Similar to iso, precision vaporizer, lowest blood: gas partition coefficient, rapid induction and recovery, least potent inhalant, eliminated by lungs

Question 49

Halothane

Answer 49

Not commonly used besides pigs

Question 50

Nitrous Oxide

Answer 50

Used by human medicine, sometimes used at room temp

Question 51

Doxapram

Answer 51

Respiratory stimulant for shortening recovery after anesthesia

Question 52

Doxapram Use

Answer 52

In neonate puppies and kittens after C-section, IV or sublingual