Unit 3- GI

Question 1

Reflex Emetics

Answer 1

Distension can induce emesis, water can dilute poison, salt in pharynx or solution, hydrogen peroxide

Question 2

Prokinetic Drugs

Answer 2

Increase GI motility

Question 3

Metoclopramide

Answer 3

Central and peripheral emetic, dopaminergic, serotonin antagonist and agonist, increases Ach release in GI

Question 4

Metoclopramide Effects

Answer 4

Increase gastric emptying, increase esophageal sphincter tone, stimulates duodenum motility, increase prolactin and aldosterone

Question 5

Metoclopramide Small Animal Use

Answer 5

Stimulate motility after surgery, volvulus, postop ileus, gastric ulceration, gastroparesis, not for obstruction or perforation

Question 6

Metoclopramide Horse Use

Answer 6

Reduce postop ileus, stimulates small intestine, causes behavior changes and abdominal pain

Question 7

Metoclopramide Ruminant Use

Answer 7

May increase rumen motility, treat pyloric stenosis

Question 8

Cisapride

Answer 8

Enhance Ach release at myenteric plexus, increased GI activity at all sites

Question 9

Cisapride Use

Answer 9

Reflux, delayed emptying, small bowel motility disorders, increases lower esophageal sphincter tone, chronic constipation in cat

Question 10

Domperidone

Answer 10

Dopamine antagonist, does not cross BBB, accelerate small intestine transit

Question 11

Domperidone Use

Answer 11

Fescue toxicity in horses, increase laminal blood flow to treat vasculitis

Question 12

Erythromycin

Answer 12

Stimulates GI motility at lower doses than antibacterial, activates motilin receptors in stomach and proximal intestine

Question 13

Lidocaine

Answer 13

IV in horses improves intestinal motility, may prevent inflammation

Question 14

Peripheral Opiate Antagonists

Answer 14

Promotes motility and treats opioid-induced constipation

Question 15

Treatment of GI Ulcers

Answer 15

Histamine antagonists, sulfacrate, omeprazole, antacids

Question 16

Antacids

Answer 16

Neutralize stomach acids, Magnesium Hydroxide, Aluminum hydroxide, Calcium carbonate, Sodium bicarbonate, interfere with absorption of other drugs

Question 17

Histamine Antagonists

Answer 17

Competitive Inhibitors reducing acid secretion and pepsin, cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine

Question 18

Gastric Acid Secretion

Answer 18

CCK at gastrin receptors, paracrine at histamine receptors, Ach at muscarinic receptors

Question 19

Histamine Antagonist Activity

Answer 19

Ranitidine and nizatidine prokinetic, cimetidine and ranitidine used in calf, ranitidine used in horse

Question 20

Histamine Antagonist Adverse Effects

Answer 20

Minor, cimetidine inhibits clearance of other drugs

Question 21

Sucralfate

Answer 21

Dissociates and polymerizes into sticky substance that binds ulcerated mucosa, increases prostaglandins, inactivates pepsin

Question 22

Proton Pump Inhibitors

Answer 22

Decrease acid secretion, potent and irreversible, prodrug in blood, omeprazole

Question 23

PPI Use

Answer 23

Support ulcer healing, prevent reflux, administer prior to meal, caution with liver metabolizable drugs

Question 24

PPI Adverse Effects

Answer 24

Elevated gastrin levels, small intestine bacterial overgrowth, diarrhea in dogs

Question 25

Synthetic Prostaglandins

Answer 25

Block EP3 receptors on parietal cells to decrease acid secretion, reduces risk of ulcer and hemorrhage from NSAID, misoprostol

Question 26

Misoprostol

Answer 26

Prevents ulcer, reduces acid secretion, contraindicated in pregnancy

Question 27

Helicobacter Gastritis Treatment

Answer 27

Antibiotics and PPI

Question 28

Mucosal Protectants

Answer 28

Produce coating of epithelium that prevents irritation

Question 29

Mucosal Adsorbents

Answer 29

Prevent absorption of chemical compounds to eliminate them in feces

Question 30

Kaolin-Pectin

Answer 30

Binds bacterial toxins, changes stool consistency

Question 31

Pectin

Answer 31

May adsorb other drugs

Question 32

Mismuth Subsalicylate

Answer 32

Adsorbs bacterial toxins and produces protection, salicylate is absorbed, anti-Helicobacter

Question 33

Anticholinergic Drugs

Answer 33

Modify motility for the treatment of diarrhea

Question 34

Stovepipe Effect

Answer 34

Anticholinergics may worsen some types of diarrhea, avoid if diarrhea is infectious

Question 35

Anticholinergic Adverse Effects

Answer 35

Ileus, dry mouth, urine retention, pupil paralysis, tachycardia, CNS excitement, contraindicated in gastritis and vomiting

Question 36

N-butylscopolammonium Bromide

Answer 36

Antispasmodic for colic, relax rectum and colon, short duration

Question 37

N-butylscopolammonium Bromide Adverse Effects

Answer 37

Increase in HR

Question 38

Opioids

Answer 38

Antisecretory and antimotile, contraindicated in infectious diarrhea

Question 39

Diphenyloxylate hydrochloride

Answer 39

Administered with atropine, systemic opiate effects can occur

Question 40

Loperamide hydorchloride

Answer 40

Does not have systemic opiate effects, increases intestinal transit time

Question 41

Antimicrobials

Answer 41

Should be based on bacterial etiology

Question 42

Indication of Antibacterial Therapy

Answer 42

Hemorrhagic diarrhea, fever, abnormal WBC count

Question 43

Tylosin Responsive Diarrhea

Answer 43

Chronic diarrhea in dogs

Question 44

Sulfasalazine

Answer 44

Treatment of colitis, inhibits prostaglandins to decrease intestinal free radicals

Question 45

Prednisolone

Answer 45

Suppress autoimmune activity to prevent IBD

Question 46

Azathioprine

Answer 46

Inhibits activated lymphocytes in severe IBD

Question 47

Eicosapentanoic Acid

Answer 47

Treats colitis

Question 48

Anthraquinone

Answer 48

Irritant laxative, inhibits Na/K ATPase, can cause damage to enterocytes

Question 49

Saline Cathartics

Answer 49

Electrolytes that draw fluid into the bowel, increase peristalsis

Question 50

Carboxymethylcellulose

Answer 50

Bluk forming, nonabsorbed polysaccharide, attracts water into intestine

Question 51

Lubricants

Answer 51

Coat stool, increase water content, pass hair balls

Question 52

Surfactants

Answer 52

Stool Softeners