Unit 4- Immunostimulants Flashcards
Primary Lymphoid Tissues
Bone marrow and thymus
Secondary Lymphoid Tissues
Spleen and lymph nodes
Adaptive Immune System
Specific, cell mediated by T lymphocytes, humoral response by B lymphocytes
Helper T Cell Receptors
CD4 binds MHC II
Cytotoxic T Cell Receptors
CD8 binds MHC I
TH1 Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
IL-2, IFN-y, TNF-a
TH2 Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
IL-4, 5, 10, and 13
Endogenous Immunostimulants
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, interferons, and interleukins
Exogenous Immunostimulants
Bacterial, viral, plant, or helminthic derivatives
G-CSF
Induces bone marrow to produce neutrophils
G-CSF Uses
Canine ehrlichiosis, FeLV, FIV, chemotherapy induced lymphoma, bone marrow neoplasia, bone marrow aplasia, immune mediated neutropenia in dogs
Interferons
Produced by infected host cells, activate other cells
IFN-a
Produced by WBC in virus and cancer
IFN-B
Produced by fibroblasts in MS
IFN-y
Produced by lymphocytes in chronic disease
rHulFN-a
Recombinant human interferon, not for long term use, enhances antiviral activity
rFelFN-w
Recombinant feline interferon, enhances antiviral activity
Recombinant Interferon Uses
FeLV, FIV, FIP, herpesvirus and feline calcivirus
IL-2
Recombinant human interleukin, enhances antitumor immune response in canine neoplasia
IL-2 Adverse Effects
Vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, antibodies formed to human recombinant proteins that lower efficacy
Proprionibacterium acnes Bacterin
Non specific immunostimulant, stimulates NK activity and activates macrophages to release pro-inflammatory cytokines up regulating T-lymphocyte function
P. acnes Bacterin Uses
Adjunct treatment for canine Staph pyoderma, feline rhinotracheitis, FeLV, and respiratory tract infection in equine
P. acnes Adverse Effects
Fever, lethargy, vomiting
Staphylococcus aureus Bacterins
lysate and toxoid, activates phagocytic cells and stimulates T-lymphocytes
Staphage lysate Uses
Adjunct therapy for dogs with recurrent superficial pyoderma and Staph sensitivity
Staphoid ABR Uses
Toxoid, prevents Staph mastitis in cattle
Staph Bacterin Adverse Effects
Fever, injection site reaction, lethargy, weakness
Mycobacterium Cell Wall Extracts
Equimune, Muramyl tripeptide, and Regressin-V, stimulate IL-1 release from macrophage, TLR effects on macrophage and dendritic cells, and activates NK cells
Equimune Uses
Equine respiratory infections
Muramyl Tripeptide Uses
Adjunct treatment for canine osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, and malignant melanoma
Regressin Uses
Mammary adenocarcinoma in dog
Mycobacterial Extract Adverse Effects
Fever, lethargy, injection site reaction
Acemannan
Extracted from aloe vera, stimulates macrophages to produce ILs, TNFa, and NO, enhances NK cell and T lymphocyte activity, antiviral, and antineoplastic
Acemannan Uses
Treat fibrosarcoma in cat and dog, boost immune in FeLV and FIV
Acemannan Adverse Effects
Anorexia, diarrhea, depression, tachycardia, collapse, injection site pain
Levamisole
Antinematodal, enhances monocyte phagocytosis and cell-mediated immunity
Levamisole Uses
Vaccine adjuvant, canine microbial, fungal, and neoplasia, canine chronic pyoderma, feline plasma cell gingivitis, IgG production in pregnant mare
Levamisole Adverse Effects
Low margin of safety, neurotoxicity, GI disturbance, pulmonary edema, mydriasis and hypersalivation in cats
Zylexis
Parapoxvirus ovis (innactivated Orf), stimulates NK, phagocytosis, IL, IFN, TNFa, and G-CSF release, regulates TH-1 and TH-2
Zylexis Uses
Prevent stress infection in horse, EHV-1 and EHV-4
