Unit 4- Immunostimulants

Question 1

Primary Lymphoid Tissues

Answer 1

Bone marrow and thymus

Question 2

Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

Answer 2

Spleen and lymph nodes

Question 3

Adaptive Immune System

Answer 3

Specific, cell mediated by T lymphocytes, humoral response by B lymphocytes

Question 4

Helper T Cell Receptors

Answer 4

CD4 binds MHC II

Question 5

Cytotoxic T Cell Receptors

Answer 5

CD8 binds MHC I

Question 6

TH1 Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

Answer 6

IL-2, IFN-y, TNF-a

Question 7

TH2 Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

Answer 7

IL-4, 5, 10, and 13

Question 8

Endogenous Immunostimulants

Answer 8

Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, interferons, and interleukins

Question 9

Exogenous Immunostimulants

Answer 9

Bacterial, viral, plant, or helminthic derivatives

Question 10

G-CSF

Answer 10

Induces bone marrow to produce neutrophils

Question 11

G-CSF Uses

Answer 11

Canine ehrlichiosis, FeLV, FIV, chemotherapy induced lymphoma, bone marrow neoplasia, bone marrow aplasia, immune mediated neutropenia in dogs

Question 12

Interferons

Answer 12

Produced by infected host cells, activate other cells

Question 13

IFN-a

Answer 13

Produced by WBC in virus and cancer

Question 14

IFN-B

Answer 14

Produced by fibroblasts in MS

Question 15

IFN-y

Answer 15

Produced by lymphocytes in chronic disease

Question 16

rHulFN-a

Answer 16

Recombinant human interferon, not for long term use, enhances antiviral activity

Question 17

rFelFN-w

Answer 17

Recombinant feline interferon, enhances antiviral activity

Question 18

Recombinant Interferon Uses

Answer 18

FeLV, FIV, FIP, herpesvirus and feline calcivirus

Question 19

IL-2

Answer 19

Recombinant human interleukin, enhances antitumor immune response in canine neoplasia

Question 20

IL-2 Adverse Effects

Answer 20

Vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, antibodies formed to human recombinant proteins that lower efficacy

Question 21

Proprionibacterium acnes Bacterin

Answer 21

Non specific immunostimulant, stimulates NK activity and activates macrophages to release pro-inflammatory cytokines up regulating T-lymphocyte function

Question 22

P. acnes Bacterin Uses

Answer 22

Adjunct treatment for canine Staph pyoderma, feline rhinotracheitis, FeLV, and respiratory tract infection in equine

Question 23

P. acnes Adverse Effects

Answer 23

Fever, lethargy, vomiting

Question 24

Staphylococcus aureus Bacterins

Answer 24

lysate and toxoid, activates phagocytic cells and stimulates T-lymphocytes

Question 25

Staphage lysate Uses

Answer 25

Adjunct therapy for dogs with recurrent superficial pyoderma and Staph sensitivity

Question 26

Staphoid ABR Uses

Answer 26

Toxoid, prevents Staph mastitis in cattle

Question 27

Staph Bacterin Adverse Effects

Answer 27

Fever, injection site reaction, lethargy, weakness

Question 28

Mycobacterium Cell Wall Extracts

Answer 28

Equimune, Muramyl tripeptide, and Regressin-V, stimulate IL-1 release from macrophage, TLR effects on macrophage and dendritic cells, and activates NK cells

Question 29

Equimune Uses

Answer 29

Equine respiratory infections

Question 30

Muramyl Tripeptide Uses

Answer 30

Adjunct treatment for canine osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, and malignant melanoma

Question 31

Regressin Uses

Answer 31

Mammary adenocarcinoma in dog

Question 32

Mycobacterial Extract Adverse Effects

Answer 32

Fever, lethargy, injection site reaction

Question 33

Acemannan

Answer 33

Extracted from aloe vera, stimulates macrophages to produce ILs, TNFa, and NO, enhances NK cell and T lymphocyte activity, antiviral, and antineoplastic

Question 34

Acemannan Uses

Answer 34

Treat fibrosarcoma in cat and dog, boost immune in FeLV and FIV

Question 35

Acemannan Adverse Effects

Answer 35

Anorexia, diarrhea, depression, tachycardia, collapse, injection site pain

Question 36

Levamisole

Answer 36

Antinematodal, enhances monocyte phagocytosis and cell-mediated immunity

Question 37

Levamisole Uses

Answer 37

Vaccine adjuvant, canine microbial, fungal, and neoplasia, canine chronic pyoderma, feline plasma cell gingivitis, IgG production in pregnant mare

Question 38

Levamisole Adverse Effects

Answer 38

Low margin of safety, neurotoxicity, GI disturbance, pulmonary edema, mydriasis and hypersalivation in cats

Question 39

Zylexis

Answer 39

Parapoxvirus ovis (innactivated Orf), stimulates NK, phagocytosis, IL, IFN, TNFa, and G-CSF release, regulates TH-1 and TH-2

Question 40

Zylexis Uses

Answer 40

Prevent stress infection in horse, EHV-1 and EHV-4