Unit 1- Terminology Flashcards
Pharmacology
Study of properties of chemicals used as drugs for therapeutic purposes
Father of Chinese Medicine
Shen-Nung
Kahun Papyrus
Most ancient known document on gynecology
Hippocrates
Father of medicine conducted observations of patient symptoms
Paracelsus
Used drugs for specific and directed purposes
Rudolf Buchheim
Classified drugs based on pharmacological action, first real pharmacologist
Pharmacopoeia
Official compilations of medicinal substances, preparation, use, and dosages
Veterinary Pharmacology
Focuses on drugs used in domestic animals, founded due to diseases and paralells human pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Study of four key processes governing course of drugs in the body
ADME
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; what the body does to drugss
Pharmacodynamics
Study of cell/tissue responses and receptor effect, what drugs do to the boy
Pharmacogenetics
Study of genetic determinants of response to drug therapy
Drug
A molecule that interacts with specific molecular components of an organism to produce specific biochemical and physiologic effects
Pharmacotherapeutics
Drugs that prevent, mitigate, diagnose, or treat disease
Drug Source Classifications
Organic, inorganic, synthetic
Drug Structure Classification
Steroids, glycosides, barbiturates
Drug Mechanism Classifications
Cardiac ionotropes, neuromuscular blockers, antimicrobials, etc.
Chemical Names
IUPAC nomenclature
Generic Names
Nonproprietary names originating during drug development
Brand Names
Proprietary names used for marketing
Determinant of degree of pharmacologic response
Drug concentration at tissue receptor
Major mechanisms of drug movement
Bulk flow and passive diffusion
Bulk Flow
Movement across fenestrated capillaries to tissue, dependent on dissolved drug concentration, characterized by molecular weight
Passive Diffusion
Transmembrane diffusion depending on lipid solubility, pH, surface area, membrane thickness, and drug concentration
Most common method of movement
Passive diffusion
Partition Coefficient
Mixing drug in water and organic solvent, characterizes oil vs water affinity in unionized form, predicts transmembrane solubility
Partition Coefficient Ratio
Greater than 1 suggests greater distribution and high lipid solubility
pKa
pH at which 50% of the drug exists in ionized state and 50% in the more desirable nonionized lipid-soluble state
Environmental pH
Drugs are more likely to diffuse into tissues when in a pH similar to their pKa, unlike environments cause drugs to be ionized
Stomach Conditions
Weak acids better absorbed in acidic conditions
Gut Conditions
Weak bases better absorbed in alkaline conditions
Henderson-Hasselback equation
Calculates percentage ionized of a drug or determines concentration of a drug across a biological membrane
Carrier-Mediated Transport
Several specialized membranes have specific transport systems allowing the body to exert control and selectivity over chemicals that are allowed to enter
Importance of carrier transport
GI absorption, cellular uptake, removal of drugs from CSF, biliary and renal excretion
Facilitated Diffusion
Carrier binds drugs and carries them across the membrane, does not require energy or operate across a concentration gradient
Facilitated Diffusion Examples
Reabsorption of glucose by kidney, absorption of B12 by intestine, ion channels
Active Transport
Drug transport is conducted by specific carrier proteins through the membrane, requires ATP to move against the concentration gradient
P-Glycoprotein
MDR1 membrane protein that requires ATP to keep exogenous compounds out of critical tissues
MDR1 Locations
Blood-brain barrier, blood-testis barrier, kidney, liver, intestine, and placenta
Endocystosis
Compound binds the cell surface and is invaginated by the cell
