Unit 2- Sedatives

Question 1

Sedatives MOA

Answer 1

Depress the CNS at the basal ganglia, hypothalamus, limbic system, and brain stem through dopamine, adrenergic, serotonin, opioid, and GABA receptors

Question 2

Sedative Pharmacologic Effects

Answer 2

Bradycardia, hypotension, tachycardia, hypoventilation, and decreased GI motility

Question 3

Phenothiazine Derivative MOA

Answer 3

Block dopamine action and reduce action of serotonin

Question 4

Benzodiazepine MOA

Answer 4

Enhance inhibitory effect of GABA

Question 5

α2-adrenergic Agonist MOA

Answer 5

Stimulate α2-adrenoreceptors to inhibit norepinephrine release by negative feedback mechanism

Question 6

Butyrophenone Derivative MOA

Answer 6

Block dopamine receptors

Question 7

Opioid MOA

Answer 7

Stimulate opioid receptors

Question 8

Phenothiazine Derivatives

Answer 8

Chlorpromazine, Acepromazine, Promazine, Triflupromazine

Question 9

Phenothiazine Pharmacologic Effects

Answer 9

Depression of brain stem and connections to cerebral cortex, decrease spontaneous motor activity, no analgesia

Question 10

Chlorpromazine Pharmacologic Effects

Answer 10

Sedation, antagonist of apomorphine emesis in dogs, block FSH and LH release, increase prolactin, reduce myocardium contractility, arrhythmia

Question 11

Chlorpromazine Adverse Effects

Answer 11

Extrapyramidal signs, hyperesthesia and excitement of horses and penile prolapse

Question 12

Extrapyramidal Signs

Answer 12

Movement Disorders

Question 13

Chlorpromazine Contraindications

Answer 13

Hypovolemia or shock, hepatic disfunction, combine with atropine in dogs, severe side effects in horses

Question 14

Acepromazine

Answer 14

More potent shorter acting than chlorpromazine, highly protein bound in horses, immobilizes large animals

Question 15

Promazine

Answer 15

Less potent than chlorpromazine, duration dose dependent

Question 16

Triflupromazine

Answer 16

Sedative and anti-emetic, higher risk of side effects

Question 17

GABA A Receptor

Answer 17

Ligand-gated ion channel causing hyperpolarization

Question 18

Bezodiazepines

Answer 18

Diazepam, Midazolam, Clonazepam, Zolazepam, Alprazolam

Question 19

Benzodiazepine Pharmacologic Effects

Answer 19

Minimal cardiovascular effects, depressed respiratory, muscular relaxation

Question 20

Benzodiazepine Uses

Answer 20

Sedative, anti anxiety, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant with ketamine, not reliable in horses, dogs, or cats

Question 21

Diazepam

Answer 21

Sedative, anxiolytic, behavior modification, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant in dogs and horses, increases appetite in cats

Question 22

Diazepam Adverse Effects

Answer 22

Impaired coordination, lethargy, aggression and excitement, and hepatotoxicity for cats

Question 23

Xanax

Answer 23

Not for use in dogs

Question 24

Clonazepam

Answer 24

Stronger than diazepam with shorter half life

Question 25

Midazolam

Answer 25

Neuroleptanalgesic with opioids in dogs

Question 26

Zolazepam

Answer 26

Used with Tiletamine for anesthesia

Question 27

Catecholamines

Answer 27

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine released in response to stress and acting on GPCR adrenergic receptors

Question 28

α2-Adrenergic Agonists

Answer 28

Xylazine, Medetomidine, Dex-medetomidine, Detomidine, Clonidine

Question 29

α2-Adrenergic Agonist Pharmacologic Effects

Answer 29

Sedation, analgesia, skeletal muscle relaxation, emesis in cats, reduced GI motility and secretion, hypertension followed by hypotension and bradycardia

Question 30

α2-Adrenergic Agonist Uses

Answer 30

Sedative, analgesic, immobilizer, pre-anesthetic, avoid combining with ketamine in weak animals

Question 31

Xylazine Hydrochloride

Answer 31

Wide margin of safety, poor efficacy in swine, short term anesthetic with ketamine, causes emesis in cats and dogs

Question 32

Dexmedetomidine

Answer 32

Most potent and selective α2-Agonist, no respiratory depression, shortens time to extubation

Question 33

Xylazine in Horses

Answer 33

Not for dosage in carotid artery, inhibits insulin leading to hyperglycemia, cardiac aberration, renal insufficiency, hepatic damage, and epilepsy, should only be combined with ketamine in young healthy animals, not for late pregnancy

Question 34

Butyrophenone Derivatives

Answer 34

Azaperone and Droperidol

Question 35

Azaperone

Answer 35

Sedative and anti-emetic effects in pigs and swine, pre anesthetic, D2 agonist

Question 36

Droperidol

Answer 36

More potent than promazine and chlorpromazine in dogs, restrains aggressive dogs, combined with fentanyl, contraindicated for use with epinephrine

Question 37

Opioids

Answer 37

Morphine, Oxymorphone, Fentanyl, Cerfentanil

Question 38

Analeptics

Answer 38

Stimulate the brain, speeding up mental and physical processes

Question 39

Amphetamine MOA

Answer 39

Enhance release of dopamine and norepinephrine into the synapse by blockign reuptake

Question 40

Amphetamine Pharmacologic Effects

Answer 40

Used in emergency situations, increases heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism, and temperature

Question 41

Amphetamine Adverse Effects

Answer 41

Seizure, hypertension, arrhythmia, hyperventilation, and hepatotoxicity

Question 42

Doxapram

Answer 42

Stimulates respiration by stimulating medullary respiratory centers and activating carotid and aortic chemoreceptors to arouse from anesthetic overdose

Question 43

Doxapram Adverse Effects

Answer 43

Seizure, hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis, hypertension, and arrhythmia

Question 44

Signs of Amphetamine Toxicity in Dogs

Answer 44

Agitation, tachycardia, panting, tremors, increased temperature, vomiting, drooling, seizures

Question 45

Cocaine

Answer 45

Blocks reuptake of dopamine from the synapse