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Pharmacology > Unit 2- Pre-Anesthetics > Flashcards

Unit 2- Pre-Anesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

Anesthesia

A

Controlled temporary loss of sensation or awareness

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2
Q

Use of Anesthesia

A

Sedation, tranquility, immobility, muscle relaxation, unconsciousness, pain control

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3
Q

Levels of General Anesthesia

A

Light surgical, moderate surgical, deep surgical, overdose

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4
Q

Local Anesthesia

A

Numbs a small area, patient is awake

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5
Q

Regional Anesthesia

A

Blocks pain in a large part of the body, patient can be conscious or sedated

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6
Q

General Anesthesia

A

Makes patient unconscious and insensitive to pain or stimuli

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7
Q

Sedation

A

Relaxes patient to the point they can be easily aroused or wakened

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8
Q

Stages of Anesthesia

A

Analgesia without amnesia, excitement, surgical anesthesia, medullary depression overdose

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9
Q

Adjunct

A

Drug that is not a true anesthetic but is used during anesthesia to provide other desired effects

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10
Q

Pre-Anesthetic Effects

A

Calm and sedate, minimize adverse effects, reduce dose of drugs, smoother induction and recovery, analgesia, muscle relaxation

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11
Q

Tranquilizers Use

A

Provide sedation and amnesia and counteract CNS stimulation from some anesthetics

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12
Q

Central Muscle Relaxants Use

A

Provide muscle relaxation during anesthesia

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13
Q

Anticholinergic Agents Use

A

Prevent salivation and bradychardia

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14
Q

Pre Anesthetic Combinations

A

Opioids, phenothiazine tranquilizers, and benzodiazepines

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15
Q

Analgesics during anesthesia

A

Anesthetics are not analgesics and vice versa, patient will feel pain if anesthetized without analgesia

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16
Q

Morphine

A

Safe, effective analgesic for small animal patients, sedative for dogs

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17
Q

Butorphanol

A

Partial mu agonist and full kappa agonist, keep analgesia, reverse sedation and respiratory depression

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18
Q

Acepromazine

A

Phenothiazine tranquilizer, decreases dose of general anesthetic, may be used with opioids, easy induction and recovery

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19
Q

Acepromazine Species

A

Horses, dogs, and cats

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20
Q

Acepromazine Metabolism

A

In liver

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21
Q

Acepromazine Duration

A

Long duration and higher potency

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22
Q

Acepromazine Overdose

A

Norepinephrine

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23
Q

Acepromazine Pharmacologic Effects

A

Calming, sedation less in cats, peripheral vasodilation, hypotension, bradycardia, hypothermia, antiemetic, no respiratory depression or arrhythmia

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24
Q

Acepromazine Adverse Effects

A

Reduced seizure threshold, aggression or excitement, hypotension, penile prolapse in large animal, anemai

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25
Q

Benzodiazepine Pharmacologic Effects

A

Calming and antianxiety, anticonvulsant, appetite stimulation in cats and ruminants, high margin of safety, skeletal muscle relaxation

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26
Q

Diazepam

A

Not water soluble, used with ketamine

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27
Q

Diazepam Adverse Effects

A

Disorientation and paradoxical excitement in dogs, dysphoria and aggression in cats, muscle twitch in horses, ataxia and recumbence in large animal, slow administration

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28
Q

Midozalam

A

Water soluble, used for swine, rabbits, and birds, combined with ketamine

29
Q

Zolazepam

A

Part of telazol, recombined with water for cats

30
Q

Neuroleptanalgesia

A

Profound state of analgesia and sedation induced by simultaneous opioid and tranquilizer administration

31
Q

Neuroleptanalgesia Opioids

A

Hydromorphone, morphine, buprenorphine, butorphanol

32
Q

Neuroleptanalgesia Tranquilizers

A

Dexmedetomidine, acepromazine, diazepam, midazolam, xylazine

33
Q

Best Neuroleptanalgesia combo

A

Hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine

34
Q

Use for neuroleptanalgesia

A

Minor procedures without general anesthesia or to induce general anesthesia

35
Q

α2 adrenergic agonists

A

Produce sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation, reversed with antagonists

36
Q

α2 adrenergic agonist drugs

A

Xylazine, Medetomidine, Dexmedetomidine, Detomidine

37
Q

α2 Agonist Pharmacologic Effects

A

sedation, short acting analgesia, early phase hypertension and bradycardia, late phase hypotension and bradycardia, respiratory depression, GI bloat, effect in many tissues

38
Q

α2 Agonist Adverse Effects

A

Change in behavior, bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression

39
Q

Large animal Sedation

A

Detomidine

40
Q

Xylazine

A

α2 agonist, no fight-or-flight response, decrease norepinephrine release, rapid sedation

41
Q

Xylazine Metabolism

A

Liver

42
Q

Xylazine Ruminants

A

More sensitive, goats most sensitive

43
Q

Medetomidine

A

More potent and selective, safer than xylazine, animal use only, animals can still move while sedated

44
Q

Medetomidine Adverse Effects

A

Bradycardia, low body temp, slowed breathing, vomiting

45
Q

Medetomidine Cautions

A

heart disease, low blood pressure, shock, breathing problems, liver or kidney disease, or seizures

46
Q

Medetomidine Contraindications

A

Neonates and during last trimester

47
Q

α2 Antagonists

A

Reversal of α2 agonists, high margin of safety

48
Q

α2 Antagonist Overdose

A

Excitement, muscle tremor, hypotension, tachycardia, salivation, diarrhea

49
Q

Yohimbine

A

Dogs, cats, horses, and exotics, reverses xylazine

50
Q

Atipamezole

A

Antagonist for medetomidine in emergencies, lower dose in cats than dogs

51
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Parasympatholytic, blocks muscarinic receptors for acetylcholine, prevent and treat bradycardia, decrease salivation

52
Q

Atropine

A

Anticholinergic with faster onset and short duration, used in emergency

53
Q

Glycopyrrolate

A

Anticholinergic with slower action and duration than atropine

54
Q

Anticholinergic Effects

A

Limited CNS effects, prevents bradycardia, decrease secretion, mydriasis, corneal dryness, bronchodilation

55
Q

Mydriasis

A

Dilated pupils

56
Q

Anticholinergic Adverse Effects

A

Cardiac arrhythmia, temporary bradycardia, thickened secretions may block airways, colic or bloat

57
Q

Spasticity

A

Increased muscle tone

58
Q

Spasmolytics Use

A

Reduce excessive skeletal muscle tone without reducing muscle strength

59
Q

Centrally Acting Spasmolytics

A

Act in CNS, structurally heterogenous, CNS depressants, sedative and musculoskeletal relaxant

60
Q

Spasmolytic Drugs

A

Benzodiazepines, GABA agonists, α2 agonists

61
Q

Peripheral Acting Spasmolytics

A

Neuromuscular blocking agents

62
Q

Diazepam Side Effects

A

Significant sedation

63
Q

Baclofen

A

GABAb agonist, less sedation than diazepam

64
Q

Tizanidine Adverse Effects

A

α2 agonist, asthenia, drowsiness, dry mouth, hypotension

65
Q

Guaifensin

A

Spasmolytic used in horses cattle and swine, mild sedative, mild analgesia, decreased blood pressure, minimal respiratory effects

66
Q

Triple Drip

A

Guaifensin combined with ketamine and α2 agonist to prolong anesthesia

67
Q

Guaifenesin Adverse Effects

A

Allergic reaction in horses, overdose, perivascular injection causes necrosis and sloughing

68
Q

Mathocarbamol

A

Guaifenesin analog used to treat muscle spasm in dog and cat

69
Q

Baclofen

A

GABAb agonist depressing afferent reflex at the spinal cord to treat urinary retention

Pharmacology (32 decks)

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