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Pharmacology > Unit 2- Pre-Anesthetics > Flashcards

Unit 2- Pre-Anesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

Anesthesia

A

Controlled temporary loss of sensation or awareness

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2
Q

Use of Anesthesia

A

Sedation, tranquility, immobility, muscle relaxation, unconsciousness, pain control

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3
Q

Levels of General Anesthesia

A

Light surgical, moderate surgical, deep surgical, overdose

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4
Q

Local Anesthesia

A

Numbs a small area, patient is awake

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5
Q

Regional Anesthesia

A

Blocks pain in a large part of the body, patient can be conscious or sedated

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6
Q

General Anesthesia

A

Makes patient unconscious and insensitive to pain or stimuli

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7
Q

Sedation

A

Relaxes patient to the point they can be easily aroused or wakened

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8
Q

Stages of Anesthesia

A

Analgesia without amnesia, excitement, surgical anesthesia, medullary depression overdose

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9
Q

Adjunct

A

Drug that is not a true anesthetic but is used during anesthesia to provide other desired effects

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10
Q

Pre-Anesthetic Effects

A

Calm and sedate, minimize adverse effects, reduce dose of drugs, smoother induction and recovery, analgesia, muscle relaxation

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11
Q

Tranquilizers Use

A

Provide sedation and amnesia and counteract CNS stimulation from some anesthetics

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12
Q

Central Muscle Relaxants Use

A

Provide muscle relaxation during anesthesia

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13
Q

Anticholinergic Agents Use

A

Prevent salivation and bradychardia

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14
Q

Pre Anesthetic Combinations

A

Opioids, phenothiazine tranquilizers, and benzodiazepines

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15
Q

Analgesics during anesthesia

A

Anesthetics are not analgesics and vice versa, patient will feel pain if anesthetized without analgesia

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16
Q

Morphine

A

Safe, effective analgesic for small animal patients, sedative for dogs

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17
Q

Butorphanol

A

Partial mu agonist and full kappa agonist, keep analgesia, reverse sedation and respiratory depression

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18
Q

Acepromazine

A

Phenothiazine tranquilizer, decreases dose of general anesthetic, may be used with opioids, easy induction and recovery

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19
Q

Acepromazine Species

A

Horses, dogs, and cats

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20
Q

Acepromazine Metabolism

A

In liver

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21
Q

Acepromazine Duration

A

Long duration and higher potency

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22
Q

Acepromazine Overdose

A

Norepinephrine

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23
Q

Acepromazine Pharmacologic Effects

A

Calming, sedation less in cats, peripheral vasodilation, hypotension, bradycardia, hypothermia, antiemetic, no respiratory depression or arrhythmia

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24
Q

Acepromazine Adverse Effects

A

Reduced seizure threshold, aggression or excitement, hypotension, penile prolapse in large animal, anemai

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25
Benzodiazepine Pharmacologic Effects
Calming and antianxiety, anticonvulsant, appetite stimulation in cats and ruminants, high margin of safety, skeletal muscle relaxation
26
Diazepam
Not water soluble, used with ketamine
27
Diazepam Adverse Effects
Disorientation and paradoxical excitement in dogs, dysphoria and aggression in cats, muscle twitch in horses, ataxia and recumbence in large animal, slow administration
28
Midozalam
Water soluble, used for swine, rabbits, and birds, combined with ketamine
29
Zolazepam
Part of telazol, recombined with water for cats
30
Neuroleptanalgesia
Profound state of analgesia and sedation induced by simultaneous opioid and tranquilizer administration
31
Neuroleptanalgesia Opioids
Hydromorphone, morphine, buprenorphine, butorphanol
32
Neuroleptanalgesia Tranquilizers
Dexmedetomidine, acepromazine, diazepam, midazolam, xylazine
33
Best Neuroleptanalgesia combo
Hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine
34
Use for neuroleptanalgesia
Minor procedures without general anesthesia or to induce general anesthesia
35
α2 adrenergic agonists
Produce sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation, reversed with antagonists
36
α2 adrenergic agonist drugs
Xylazine, Medetomidine, Dexmedetomidine, Detomidine
37
α2 Agonist Pharmacologic Effects
sedation, short acting analgesia, early phase hypertension and bradycardia, late phase hypotension and bradycardia, respiratory depression, GI bloat, effect in many tissues
38
α2 Agonist Adverse Effects
Change in behavior, bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression
39
Large animal Sedation
Detomidine
40
Xylazine
α2 agonist, no fight-or-flight response, decrease norepinephrine release, rapid sedation
41
Xylazine Metabolism
Liver
42
Xylazine Ruminants
More sensitive, goats most sensitive
43
Medetomidine
More potent and selective, safer than xylazine, animal use only, animals can still move while sedated
44
Medetomidine Adverse Effects
Bradycardia, low body temp, slowed breathing, vomiting
45
Medetomidine Cautions
heart disease, low blood pressure, shock, breathing problems, liver or kidney disease, or seizures
46
Medetomidine Contraindications
Neonates and during last trimester
47
α2 Antagonists
Reversal of α2 agonists, high margin of safety
48
α2 Antagonist Overdose
Excitement, muscle tremor, hypotension, tachycardia, salivation, diarrhea
49
Yohimbine
Dogs, cats, horses, and exotics, reverses xylazine
50
Atipamezole
Antagonist for medetomidine in emergencies, lower dose in cats than dogs
51
Anticholinergics
Parasympatholytic, blocks muscarinic receptors for acetylcholine, prevent and treat bradycardia, decrease salivation
52
Atropine
Anticholinergic with faster onset and short duration, used in emergency
53
Glycopyrrolate
Anticholinergic with slower action and duration than atropine
54
Anticholinergic Effects
Limited CNS effects, prevents bradycardia, decrease secretion, mydriasis, corneal dryness, bronchodilation
55
Mydriasis
Dilated pupils
56
Anticholinergic Adverse Effects
Cardiac arrhythmia, temporary bradycardia, thickened secretions may block airways, colic or bloat
57
Spasticity
Increased muscle tone
58
Spasmolytics Use
Reduce excessive skeletal muscle tone without reducing muscle strength
59
Centrally Acting Spasmolytics
Act in CNS, structurally heterogenous, CNS depressants, sedative and musculoskeletal relaxant
60
Spasmolytic Drugs
Benzodiazepines, GABA agonists, α2 agonists
61
Peripheral Acting Spasmolytics
Neuromuscular blocking agents
62
Diazepam Side Effects
Significant sedation
63
Baclofen
GABAb agonist, less sedation than diazepam
64
Tizanidine Adverse Effects
α2 agonist, asthenia, drowsiness, dry mouth, hypotension
65
Guaifensin
Spasmolytic used in horses cattle and swine, mild sedative, mild analgesia, decreased blood pressure, minimal respiratory effects
66
Triple Drip
Guaifensin combined with ketamine and α2 agonist to prolong anesthesia
67
Guaifenesin Adverse Effects
Allergic reaction in horses, overdose, perivascular injection causes necrosis and sloughing
68
Mathocarbamol
Guaifenesin analog used to treat muscle spasm in dog and cat
69
Baclofen
GABAb agonist depressing afferent reflex at the spinal cord to treat urinary retention

Pharmacology (32 decks)

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