Unit 1- Routes of Administration

Question 1

Enteral

Answer 1

Oral, intrarumenal, rectal

Question 2

Parenteral

Answer 2

Intravenous, intramuscular, subutaneous

Question 3

Common Parenteral

Answer 3

Epidural, intradermal, intratracheal, intraperitoneal,

Question 4

Rare Parenteral

Answer 4

Intraarterial, intramedullary, intracardiac, intrathecal, intrathoracic, subarachnoid

Question 5

Other routes of administration

Answer 5

Inhalation, topical, oral transmucosal

Question 6

Choice of route of administration

Answer 6

Physiochemical properties, formulation, therapeutic indications, pathophysiology of disease, targe species

Question 7

Purpose of drug therapy

Answer 7

To induce a desired pharmacologic response

Question 8

Plasma Drug Concentrations

Answer 8

Used to approximate drug concentrations at the tissue site

Question 9

Determinants of PDC

Answer 9

Drug must be absorbed, free drug is distributed to tissues, hepatic metabolism or biliary excretion eliminates drug from the body

Question 10

Most important site of metabolism

Answer 10

Liver

Question 11

Absorption

Answer 11

Movement of the drug from site of administration into the blood, drugs must cross one or more lipid membranes

Question 12

Gastrointestinal Absorption

Answer 12

Heterogeneity causes regional variation in absorption, most drugs absorbed through small intestine

Question 13

Obstacle to GI Absorbtion

Answer 13

Interspecies diversity in comparative GI anatomy and physiology

Question 14

Factors affecting GI absorption

Answer 14

GI Ph, surface area, motility, concentration of drug, permeability of mucosa, intestinal blood flow

Question 15

First Pass Metabolism

Answer 15

After GI absorption, drugs enter portal vein and then the liber, and are metabolized

Question 16

Sublingual Drug Absorption

Answer 16

Systemic drugs

Question 17

Buccal mucosal Absorption

Answer 17

Polymer patches and feline oral sprays

Question 18

Esophagus Absorption

Answer 18

Cornified epithelium decreases absorption

Question 19

Stomach Absorption

Answer 19

Simple mucosa allows absorption, mucus may be a barrier, acidity and motility provides harsh environment

Question 20

Small Intestine Absorption

Answer 20

Primary site for drug absorption, blood flow greater than stomach, microvilli increase surface area

Question 21

Presystemic Metabolism

Answer 21

Epithelial and bacterial biotransformation in small intestine

Question 22

Second First-Pass Effect

Answer 22

Epithelial cells of the intestine are endowed with necessary enzymes for drug metabolism

Question 23

Third First-Pass Effect

Answer 23

Resident microbes are capable of metabolizing specific drugs

Question 24

Disintegration

Answer 24

Solid dosages physically disperse so particles can be exposed to GI fluid

Question 25

Dissolution

Answer 25

Pharmaceutical phase, drug molecules enter into solution

Question 26

GI Absorption

Answer 26

Drugs must be dissolved in aqueous intestinal fluid to be absorbed across the intestinal mucosa

Question 27

Parenteral Manufacturing

Answer 27

Strict guidelines to eliminate contamination, sterile preparation

Question 28

Primary Parenteral Routes

Answer 28

Subcutaneous and intramuscular

Question 29

Parenteral Injection

Answer 29

Injected into well perfused tissue, systemic capillaries drain into venous circulation, bypassing all defensive mechanisms

Question 30

Irritating Injections

Answer 30

Can be done IM but may cause reaction and necrosis

Question 31

IM action duration

Answer 31

Longer than IV but shorter than SC

Question 32

Intraperitoneal Administration

Answer 32

Large volumes can be administered, good mixing with peritoneal fluid, majority of drug enters portal vein and undergoes first-pass metabolism

Question 33

Intravenous Administration

Answer 33

No absorption process, rapid onset of action, large volume possible, irritating solutions can be injected slowly

Question 34

Inhalation

Answer 34

Gases are absorbed into pulmonary circulation

Question 35

Inhalation of 2 μm particles

Answer 35

Nebulized particles inspired into alveoli

Question 36

Inhalation of 5 μm particles

Answer 36

Reach the respiratory bronchioles

Question 37

Inhalation of 5-10 μm particles

Answer 37

May reach the upper respiratory tract and large airways

Question 38

Inhalation Response

Answer 38

Rapidly absorbed and highly perfused, enter pulmonary veins draining to systemic circulation

Question 39

Topical Administration

Answer 39

Can be applied to skin or mucous membranes for desired local response

Question 40

Topical Routes

Answer 40

Sublingual, intravaginal, intranasal, intrauterine, rectal, preputial, ocular, aural

Question 41

Oral Transmucosal Administration

Answer 41

Drugs given into buccal cavity to be absorbed through mucosa to avoid GI and first-pass metabolism

Question 42

Bioavailability

Answer 42

Percentage of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation

Question 43

Determining Bioavailability

Answer 43

Comparing plasma levels after administration with plasma levels from IV administration, will be less than 1 (100%)

Question 44

Predicting Drug Efficacy

Answer 44

Using bioavailability of different routes of administration