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Pharmacology > Unit 1- Routes of Administration > Flashcards

Unit 1- Routes of Administration Flashcards

1
Q

Enteral

A

Oral, intrarumenal, rectal

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2
Q

Parenteral

A

Intravenous, intramuscular, subutaneous

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3
Q

Common Parenteral

A

Epidural, intradermal, intratracheal, intraperitoneal,

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4
Q

Rare Parenteral

A

Intraarterial, intramedullary, intracardiac, intrathecal, intrathoracic, subarachnoid

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5
Q

Other routes of administration

A

Inhalation, topical, oral transmucosal

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6
Q

Choice of route of administration

A

Physiochemical properties, formulation, therapeutic indications, pathophysiology of disease, targe species

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7
Q

Purpose of drug therapy

A

To induce a desired pharmacologic response

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8
Q

Plasma Drug Concentrations

A

Used to approximate drug concentrations at the tissue site

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9
Q

Determinants of PDC

A

Drug must be absorbed, free drug is distributed to tissues, hepatic metabolism or biliary excretion eliminates drug from the body

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10
Q

Most important site of metabolism

A

Liver

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11
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of the drug from site of administration into the blood, drugs must cross one or more lipid membranes

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12
Q

Gastrointestinal Absorption

A

Heterogeneity causes regional variation in absorption, most drugs absorbed through small intestine

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13
Q

Obstacle to GI Absorbtion

A

Interspecies diversity in comparative GI anatomy and physiology

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14
Q

Factors affecting GI absorption

A

GI Ph, surface area, motility, concentration of drug, permeability of mucosa, intestinal blood flow

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15
Q

First Pass Metabolism

A

After GI absorption, drugs enter portal vein and then the liber, and are metabolized

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16
Q

Sublingual Drug Absorption

A

Systemic drugs

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17
Q

Buccal mucosal Absorption

A

Polymer patches and feline oral sprays

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18
Q

Esophagus Absorption

A

Cornified epithelium decreases absorption

19
Q

Stomach Absorption

A

Simple mucosa allows absorption, mucus may be a barrier, acidity and motility provides harsh environment

20
Q

Small Intestine Absorption

A

Primary site for drug absorption, blood flow greater than stomach, microvilli increase surface area

21
Q

Presystemic Metabolism

A

Epithelial and bacterial biotransformation in small intestine

22
Q

Second First-Pass Effect

A

Epithelial cells of the intestine are endowed with necessary enzymes for drug metabolism

23
Q

Third First-Pass Effect

A

Resident microbes are capable of metabolizing specific drugs

24
Q

Disintegration

A

Solid dosages physically disperse so particles can be exposed to GI fluid

25
Q

Dissolution

A

Pharmaceutical phase, drug molecules enter into solution

26
Q

GI Absorption

A

Drugs must be dissolved in aqueous intestinal fluid to be absorbed across the intestinal mucosa

27
Q

Parenteral Manufacturing

A

Strict guidelines to eliminate contamination, sterile preparation

28
Q

Primary Parenteral Routes

A

Subcutaneous and intramuscular

29
Q

Parenteral Injection

A

Injected into well perfused tissue, systemic capillaries drain into venous circulation, bypassing all defensive mechanisms

30
Q

Irritating Injections

A

Can be done IM but may cause reaction and necrosis

31
Q

IM action duration

A

Longer than IV but shorter than SC

32
Q

Intraperitoneal Administration

A

Large volumes can be administered, good mixing with peritoneal fluid, majority of drug enters portal vein and undergoes first-pass metabolism

33
Q

Intravenous Administration

A

No absorption process, rapid onset of action, large volume possible, irritating solutions can be injected slowly

34
Q

Inhalation

A

Gases are absorbed into pulmonary circulation

35
Q

Inhalation of 2 μm particles

A

Nebulized particles inspired into alveoli

36
Q

Inhalation of 5 μm particles

A

Reach the respiratory bronchioles

37
Q

Inhalation of 5-10 μm particles

A

May reach the upper respiratory tract and large airways

38
Q

Inhalation Response

A

Rapidly absorbed and highly perfused, enter pulmonary veins draining to systemic circulation

39
Q

Topical Administration

A

Can be applied to skin or mucous membranes for desired local response

40
Q

Topical Routes

A

Sublingual, intravaginal, intranasal, intrauterine, rectal, preputial, ocular, aural

41
Q

Oral Transmucosal Administration

A

Drugs given into buccal cavity to be absorbed through mucosa to avoid GI and first-pass metabolism

42
Q

Bioavailability

A

Percentage of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation

43
Q

Determining Bioavailability

A

Comparing plasma levels after administration with plasma levels from IV administration, will be less than 1 (100%)

44
Q

Predicting Drug Efficacy

A

Using bioavailability of different routes of administration

Pharmacology (32 decks)

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