Unit 4 - Psychopathology Flashcards
The scientific study of mental disorders to better understand their genetic, biological, social, and psychological causes
psychopathology
Refers to symptoms that are present but should not be
positive symptoms
refers to characteristics of the individual that are absent but should be present
negative symptoms
refers to problems with processing and acting on external information
cognitive symptoms
Measuring genetic and environmental contributions to behavior (psychopathology)
Behavioral Genetics
_________ twins are more likely to have schizophrenia (50% concordance)
monozygotic
____________ model of schizophrenia states that schizophrenia results from a complex set of genetic and environmental interactions
Neurodevelopmental
________ represent times when stress may have stronger effects
sensitive periods
The _________ period refers to the early phase or onset of a mental health disorder.
prodromal
____% of those who enter the prodromal phase develop a psychotic disorder
33%
Patients with schizophrenia have enlarged ____________.
cerebral ventricles
Patients with schizophrenia have abnormalities in the structure and function of the ____________ and accelerated cortical __________.
corpus callosum, thinning
____________ antipsychotics (first generation) act as selective antagonists of dopamine receptors.
traditional
Traditional antipsychotics reduce _________ symptoms of schizophrenia.
positive
___________ antipsychotics (second generation) target both dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors
Atypical
Atypical antipsychotics alleviate some of the _________ side effects of traditional antipsychotics, but lead to more weight gain.
motor
The __________ hypothesis of schizophrenia states that schizophrenia is due to an excess of DA D2 neurotransmission
dopamine
The _________ hypothesis of schizophrenia states that schizophrenia is due to under-activation of glutamate receptors which leads to an imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory brain activity
glutamate
Heritability combines with __________ factors to determine whether depression will be present.
environmental
Amygdala, insula, and cingulate activation increases during _________ processing in depressed patients.
emotion
___________ prefrontal cortex activity decreased during emotion and attention tasks in depressed patients.
dorsolateral
Nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum responses are blunted during ________ tasks in depressed patients.
reward
There is cortical ___________ in depressed patients.
thinning
Antidepressants generally increase synaptic transmission of ______________
monoamines
The __________ hypothesis of depression states that depression is associated with too little stimulation at monoamine synapses.
monoamine
__________ block enzymatic degradation of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
____________ antidepressants block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
tricyclic
____________ inhibitors (e.g., SSRIs, prozac, zoloft) act specifically at serotonergic synapses.
Selective serotonin reuptake
Psychotherapy aimed at correcting negative thinking and consciously changing behaviors as a way of changing feelings
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
A strong electrical current is passed through the entire brain, causing a seizure
Electroconvulsive therapy
Transiently inhibits or facilitates cortical activity in a targeted location
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
