Unit 4 - Psychopathology

Question 1

The scientific study of mental disorders to better understand their genetic, biological, social, and psychological causes

Answer 1

psychopathology

Question 2

Refers to symptoms that are present but should not be

Answer 2

positive symptoms

Question 3

refers to characteristics of the individual that are absent but should be present

Answer 3

negative symptoms

Question 4

refers to problems with processing and acting on external information

Answer 4

cognitive symptoms

Question 5

Measuring genetic and environmental contributions to behavior (psychopathology)

Answer 5

Behavioral Genetics

Question 6

_________ twins are more likely to have schizophrenia (50% concordance)

Answer 6

monozygotic

Question 7

____________ model of schizophrenia states that schizophrenia results from a complex set of genetic and environmental interactions

Answer 7

Neurodevelopmental

Question 8

________ represent times when stress may have stronger effects

Answer 8

sensitive periods

Question 9

The _________ period refers to the early phase or onset of a mental health disorder.

Answer 9

prodromal

Question 10

____% of those who enter the prodromal phase develop a psychotic disorder

Answer 10

33%

Question 11

Patients with schizophrenia have enlarged ____________.

Answer 11

cerebral ventricles

Question 12

Patients with schizophrenia have abnormalities in the structure and function of the ____________ and accelerated cortical __________.

Answer 12

corpus callosum, thinning

Question 13

____________ antipsychotics (first generation) act as selective antagonists of dopamine receptors.

Answer 13

traditional

Question 14

Traditional antipsychotics reduce _________ symptoms of schizophrenia.

Answer 14

positive

Question 15

___________ antipsychotics (second generation) target both dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors

Answer 15

Atypical

Question 16

Atypical antipsychotics alleviate some of the _________ side effects of traditional antipsychotics, but lead to more weight gain.

Answer 16

motor

Question 17

The __________ hypothesis of schizophrenia states that schizophrenia is due to an excess of DA D2 neurotransmission

Answer 17

dopamine

Question 18

The _________ hypothesis of schizophrenia states that schizophrenia is due to under-activation of glutamate receptors which leads to an imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory brain activity

Answer 18

glutamate

Question 19

Heritability combines with __________ factors to determine whether depression will be present.

Answer 19

environmental

Question 20

Amygdala, insula, and cingulate activation increases during _________ processing in depressed patients.

Answer 20

emotion

Question 21

___________ prefrontal cortex activity decreased during emotion and attention tasks in depressed patients.

Answer 21

dorsolateral

Question 22

Nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum responses are blunted during ________ tasks in depressed patients.

Answer 22

reward

Question 23

There is cortical ___________ in depressed patients.

Answer 23

thinning

Question 24

Antidepressants generally increase synaptic transmission of ______________

Answer 24

monoamines

Question 25

The __________ hypothesis of depression states that depression is associated with too little stimulation at monoamine synapses.

Answer 25

monoamine

Question 26

__________ block enzymatic degradation of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

Answer 26

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Question 27

____________ antidepressants block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

Answer 27

tricyclic

Question 28

____________ inhibitors (e.g., SSRIs, prozac, zoloft) act specifically at serotonergic synapses.

Answer 28

Selective serotonin reuptake

Question 29

Psychotherapy aimed at correcting negative thinking and consciously changing behaviors as a way of changing feelings

Answer 29

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Question 30

A strong electrical current is passed through the entire brain, causing a seizure

Answer 30

Electroconvulsive therapy

Question 31

Transiently inhibits or facilitates cortical activity in a targeted location

Answer 31

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation