PSYC 210 - Pain Flashcards
________ nerve endings detect warmth, cold, and pain.
free
In your somatosensory system, you have neurons with __________. This means at the terminal, you will not find any specialized mechanical receptors, just nerve endings.
free nerve endings
Pain is a part of the ________ system, along with touch.
somatosensory
The set of somatosensory neurons that process information about pain include the ____ fibers and ___ fibers.
C, A-delta
The _________ fibers travel fastest because they are myelinated.
A delta
________ or ________ receptors process sharp, prickling pain. This includes ____ fibers.
Thermal, mechanical, Adelta
________ fibers process pain initiated by high temperature.
Adelta
_________ receptors use ____ fibers to process searing, diffusing pain.
Polymodal, C
C fibers are __________, causing them to produce action potentials slower and process pain slower.
unmyelinated
C fibers have __________ receptors meaning they can process different types of pain.
polymodal
______ fibers process chronic, slow pain.
C
__________ is caused by the activation of free nerve endings of A-delta fibers and C-fibers to noxious or harmful stimuli, which can be mechanical, thermal, or chemical.
nociceptive pain
__________ is caused by chemical mediators/triggers of pain including histamine, proteins, prostaglandins, serotonin, cytokines, neuropeptide, and nerve growth factors.
inflammatory pain
Harmful or noxious stimuli are dependent on __________, so we cannot predict whether one stimulus will be perceived as harmful or not.
perception
Any stimuli can cause ________.
pain
Pain (nerve) fibers form synapses in the _________ of the spinal cord, then cross the midline in the spinal cord. Then, the spinothalamic tract carries the fibers that encode pain to the ___________.
dorsal horn, thalamus
Every part of our brain can process _______ information.
pain
The spinothalamic tract carries pian fibers to the ________, then to ____.
thalamus, S1
Descending pathway goes through the ________________.
PAG
A top-down system that releases opioids at the spinal cord to inhibit the ascending pain signals.
descending pain pathways
The spinoparabrachial pathway innervates areas of the brain concerned with ________ (amygdala, insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex).
emotion
_________ refers to the fact that pain fiber from skin or muscle and pain fiber from an internal organ form a synapse on the same dorsal horn neuron (convergence). This causes pain in internal organs to feel like pain in muscle or skin.
referred pain
In general, it is easier for _______ to detect pain and have better tolerance for pain.
females
In male mice, an increased sensitivity to pain depends on immune cells in the spinal cord called __________. In females, it is ____ cells that seem to control pain.
microglia, T
Injuries to peripheral nerves can caused increased ___________ to pain.
sensitivity
Males lacking ____________ switch to the pain response seen in females. Females that lack _________, or that are pregnant, switch to the pathway observed in males.
testosterone, T cells
It takes a higher dose of morphine to reduce pain for ___________.
women
_________ is a response to any type of potentially harmful stimulation.
pain
Pain can be effectively modulated by _________ and _________ factors.
emotional, cognitive
Pain has no defined _________ representation.
cortical
_________ and _________ fibers have 4 different types of mechanoreceptors surrounding the fiber terminals for touch and proprioception.
A-alpha, A-beta
___ fibers and myelinated _______ fibers with free nerve endings process pain (nociception).
C, A-delta
___________- and _________ can alleviate pain. For example, the Buzzy device (cooling pad + vibrating body) effectively reduces needle related pain in children.
vibration, cold
Neural fibers activated by vibration inhibits firing of ________ activated by needle pain.
fibers
________ perception in the brain reduces responses to all sensation from the body.
cold
___________ decrease swelling in tissues, but there is an increased risk of bleeding, stomach irritation, and allergic reaction.
NSAIDS
_________ (selective NSAID) decrease inflammation, but there is slight risk of heart attack.
COX 2 inhibitor
___________ blocks pain signals in the CNS, but there may be liver problems.
acetaminophen
________ (narcotics) stimulate opiate receptors and block pain messages in the CNS, but can cause depressed breathing, sleepiness, addiction, tolerance, or euphoria.
opiates
Cannabis has __________ effects. Like opioid receptors, ________ receptors are widely expressed throughout the human brain.
anti-inflammatory, cannabinoid
