Unit 3 - Neurological Disorders Flashcards
The input from the thalamus back to upper motor neurons causes more __________ to be released by the cerebral cortex resulting in more locomotions.
glutamate
___% of the US population over 65 has Parkinson’s Disease.
1
________ causes body tremors when at rest and is commonly observed in hands/fingers.
Parkinson’s Disease
slow movement causes by Parkinson’s Disease
Bradykinesia
Decreased amplitude of movement caused by Parkinson’s Disease.
Hypokinesia
Disrupted ability to initiate movement caused by Parkinson’s disease.
akinesia
Parkinson’s Disease is caused by a loss of __________ from the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia.
dopamine
What are the two known treatments for Parkinson’s Disease?
L-DOPA and deep brain stimulation
precursor to dopamine
L-DOPA
Supplementation of L-DOPA for people with Parkinson’s Disease results in an increase in ___________ in the brain and progressive decrease in efficacy.
dopamine
stimulating electrodes surgically implanted in the brain
deep brain stimulation
Common targets of deep brain stimulation are the _____________ internal segment and _________ nucleus.
pallidus internal, subthalamic
Because there is a loss of dopamine neurons for Parkinson’s Disease patients, there is _______________ excitation of glutamate back to the cortex.
decreased
Huntington’s disease has an incidence rate of _____/100,000
5-10
______________ causes sudden jerky, involuntary movements (chorea), problems with balance and coordination, and jerky, rapid eye movements.
Huntington’s Disease
Huntington’s Disease is an __________ condition caused by a single abnormal gene resulting in a degeneration of cells in the ____________.
inherited, basal ganglia
Huntington’s disease causes a disruption to the indirect pathway, which results in ___________ excitation back to the cortex.
increased
A method for measuring electrical activity (brain waves) in the brain by means of electrodes placed on the scalp.
EEG
Electrical activity generated at ___________ summate in space and time. They then passively propagate through extracellular space and through the _______ and _______ to electrodes.
synapses, skull, scalp
EEG’s are common for ________ studies and __________ diagnosis/treatment.
sleep, epilepsy
a brief, strong surge of electrical activity in the brain
seizure
A ________ seizure is confined to one brain region.
focal
A ___________ seizure starts synchronously across brain regions
primary generalized
A ____________ seizure starts as a focal seizure, then spreads to other areas
secondary generalized
2 or more spontaneous, unprovoked seizures separated in time
epilepsy
1 in ____ adults will have a seizure, while 1 in ___ adults will develop epilepsy.
10, 26
________ new cases of epilepsy are diagnosed each year.
150,000
sudden, quick arrhythmic muscle contraction (sporadic)
myoclonic seizures
muscle stiffness or rigidity
tonic seizure
repetitive jerking movements
clonic seizure
loss of muslce tone
atonic seizure
brief loss of consciousness
absence seizure
early signs a seizure may be coming (not always experienced)
prodrome and aura stage of seizure
EEG activity and/or behavioral changes associated with a seizure; time from first symptom to end of seizure
ictal stage of seizure
recovery stage and after-effects of seizure
post-ictal stage of seizure
EEG activity in between seizures, such as interictal spikes
interictal stage of seizure
__________ lobe epilepsy is the most common form of focal epilepsy in adults.
focal
___________ epilepsy (TLE) is often characterized by lesions/sclerosis of hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and associated areas.
temporal lobe
Temporal lobe epilepsy typically arises after some form of severe ____________, but can be idiopathic.
insult
The most common form of intractable epilepsy
temporal lobe epilepsy
