Unit 3 - Decision Making Flashcards
The brain is a ____________ machine evolved to make decisions.
information-processing
The ___________ of an animal is the output of the decision making process.
behavior
What are the three decision making (action selection) systems?
Pavlovian system, habit-based system, and deliberative system
In the __________ system, behavioral include “hard-wired” species’ specific actions such as freezing, approaching, and salivating.
Pavlovian
For classical conditioning, we need a _________ in addition to an unconditional stimulus and unconditioned response.
neutral stimulus
A ___________ stimulus does not elicit the unconditioned response.
neutral
During classical conditioning training the neutral stimulus is paired with the ____________ stimulus.
unconditioned
In the Pavlovian system, behaviors become associated with specific ___________. For example, auditory can become associated with bell and visual with light.
stimuli
_____________ responses occur despite no relationship between responses and subsequent reward; there may not even be a reward.
Pavlovian
learning that is unconnected to a consequence and remains undetected until explicitly demonstrated at a later stage.
latent learning
an internal representation of the spatial layout of the external world
cognitive map
The habit based system states that rats could learn an ___________ set of motor habits in a maze.
automatic
The _________ system consists of a complex chain of actions/behaviors that result from associations between situations and actions.
habit-based
To have a habit-based system, the subject must be able to correctly recognize the _________ and release correct chain of _________.
situation, actions
The habit-based system is _______ to learn and _________ to change.
slow, hard
According to the _________ system, behaviors result from complex process involving a search through the expected consequences of possible actions.
deliberative
In the deliberative system, evaluations are made “_______”, and they take a current _______ and __________ state into account before acting.
online, goal, motivational
Deliberative systems are highly ________, but computationally _______ and __________.
flexible, expensive, slow
What are the 3 steps of deliberation?
- Determine potential possibilities 2. Evaluate the likely outcomes of those actions and 3. select an action to take
To determine potential possibilities for deliberation requires a _________ of how the world works. For Tolman, this was the “cognitive map”
schema
For deliberation to occur, an action must be selected by deciding _______ is better than punishment.
reward
In vicarious trial and error, rodent behavior where they pause and look at decision points and look back and forth at their options has the appearance of _____________.
deliberation
How can we know if a rat is actually deliberating?
occur more for difficult choices, occur more for “important” choices, and occur less when actions become habitual
Vicarious trial and error in a T-maze primarily occurs at the ______ choice point because it’s the most important decision.
final
Vicarious trial and error in a T-maze decreases as the rat’s behavior becomes __________.
habitual
process by which one imagines another time and place
mental time travel
Mental time travel can refer to reconstructing events from one’s past, such as ____________.
episodic memory
Mental time travel can refer to imagining possible scenarios in the future, known as ____________.
episodic future thinking
To evaluate the likely outcomes of the possible actions for deliberation requires information/knowledge of the __________ to imagine potential and albeit currently unrealized futures.
past
imagining possible future events activates similar representational systems to remembering ________ events.
past
Deficits in _________ memory are related to deficits in imagining future events.
episodic
_________ damage impacts both episodic memory and imagination of future events.
Hippocampal
The same ____________ would be observed when an animal imagines a potential action as when it actually engaged in that behavior.
neural activity
During __________, a replay of the sequences from the waking experience occur and information is rapidly sent to the cortex.
memory consolidation
Low ACh leads to _________, while high ACh leads to __________.
consolidation, encoding
Different place cells in the ___________ code different locations on the track.
hippocampus
When an animal pauses before the choice point and looks back and forth during a VTE, ___________ toggles between two different possible options.
neural activity
Once a behavior becomes habitual, neural look-ahead activity _________.
ceases
VTE ___________ if hippocampal activity is disrupted, suggesting the hippocampus does not initiate VTE.
increases
The __________ is theorized to request possible options from the hippocampus for deliberation.
Prefrontal Cortex
To evaluate options, there must be _________ information. The ________ ramps up activity closer to reward.
value/reward, Ventral Striatum
