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PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience > PSYC 210 - Sleep > Flashcards

PSYC 210 - Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Sleep is a __________ because we have a set of neurons controlling our activation of sleep.

A

behavior

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2
Q

Sleep is essential for __________.

A

survival

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3
Q

We sleep for _________ restoration, __________ consolidation, and to clear out brain waste.

A

energy, memory

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4
Q

A genetic disease that causes insomnia and leads to early death.

A

fatal familial insomnia

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5
Q

Brain wave, muscle tone, and eye movements can be monitored to determine _______ of sleep cycles.

A

stages

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6
Q

EEG (Electroencephalogram) measures _____________ activity.

A

brain-wave

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7
Q

EMG (electromyogram) measures ________ activity.

A

muscle

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8
Q

EOG (electrooculogram) measures ____________.

A

eye movement

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9
Q

A sleep cycle contain ____ stages.

A

4

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10
Q

EEG ________ and _________ changes across the 4 stages of sleep.

A

amplitude, frequency

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11
Q

Stages 1-4 of the sleep cycle are ______ sleep.

A

non-REM

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12
Q

Stages 3 & 4 of the sleep cycle are ________ (delta wave) sleep.

A

slow-wave

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13
Q

In a sleep cycle, the sleeper progresses to stage ___ sleep, and then back to stages 3,2, and _______.

A

4, REM

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14
Q

During ______ sleep, your brain activity is similar to when you are awake.

A

REM

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15
Q

It is very easy to wake up during _______ sleep.

A

REM

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16
Q

REM sleep has a _______ amplitude and _______ frequency on the EEG

A

low, high

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17
Q

During REM sleep ___________ activity increases to waking levels.

A

cerebral

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18
Q

loss of muscle tone

A

atonia

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19
Q

___________ occurs during non-REM sleep and REM sleep. The _____ of dream during REM and non-REM differ.

A

dreaming, types

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20
Q

__________ during stage 3 of sleep is a sense of crushing feeling but not vivid dreams.

A

night terror

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21
Q

Dreams during _______ sleep are very action-packed. During _______ sleep, dreams are usually abstract.

A

REM, stage 3

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22
Q

Slow wave sleep has a _____ frequency and _______ amplitude on an EEG.

A

low, high

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23
Q

Sleep walking or talking occurs during ______ sleep.

A

stage 3

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24
Q

During __________ sleep you will experience atonia, but during ________ sleep you will have moderate muscle tone.

A

REM, stage 3

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25
Q

During REM sleep you will have ________ autonomic activity, but during slow-wave sleep you will have ________ autonomic activity.

A

high, reduced

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26
Q

Migratory birds and marine mammals such as dolphins and whales sleep one hemisphere at a time; they experience _________ sleep.

A

unilateral

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27
Q

During __________ sleep there is appearance of delta waves in one hemisphere while the other is desynchronized. This suggests that the two cerebral hemispheres are taking turns sleeping.

A

unilateral

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28
Q

When you try to makeup sleep after deprivation, your total sleep lost is never regained. _________ sleep is compensated most, and ______ is the second most.

A

stage 4 slow-wave, REM

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29
Q

Chronic sleep deprivation impairs _______ function and ________

A

cognitive, health

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30
Q

Chronic ____________ is related to the development of cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, etc.

A

sleep deprivation

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31
Q

Chronic sleep loss interferes with activity of both ________ and ________.

A

neurons, glias

32
Q

Brief sleep periods lasting up to a few seconds

A

microsleeps

33
Q

Microsleeps occur during the _________ more frequently in _________ subjects.

A

day, sleep deprived

34
Q

As you age, your percent of REM sleep __________, which can impact _________.

A

decreased, brain development

35
Q

After you are deprived of REM sleep, you have an increased tendency to go into REM, known as the _________.

A

REM rebound

36
Q

Early in life we sleep a great deal, and about ________ of that time spent is in REM sleep.

A

half

37
Q

By adulthood, we average about _____ hours of sleep at night, ___% of which is REM sleep.

A

8, 20

38
Q

Most people sleep appreciably _______ in old age.

A

less

39
Q

A region called the basal forebrain promotes slow-wave sleep by releasing ______ into the tuberomammillary nucleus in the __________.

A

GABA, hypothalamus

40
Q

The reticular formation in the brain stem consists of multiple ______ and __________. It contains an ________ system and controls major events during ________ sleep.

A

nuclei, nerve fiber tracts, arousal, REM

41
Q

The brainstem contains an ascending ________ system, projecting mostly monoaminergic axons to the brain. Electrical stimulation here promotes __________ and _________. Lesions can produce ________ sleep states.

A

arousal, wakefulness, alertness, constant

42
Q

The subcoeruleus, which is just ventral to the locus coeruleus, sends widespread projections to promote _________ sleep.

A

REM

43
Q

__________ projecting to the spinal cord profoundly inhibit motor neurons so that they cannot fire, causing muscle ________.

A

Medullary axons, atonia

44
Q

A region in the _____________, including neurons that use ____________ as a neurotransmitter, sends axons to the other three sleep centers and seems to coordinate them, enforcing patterns of sleep.

A

hypothalamus, hypocretin

45
Q

Loss of __________ can lead to disorganized sleep, such as REM-like muscle atonia while still awake (in narcolepsy).

A

hypocretin

46
Q

To initiate sleep, the only neuron truly necessary is the _______ neuron in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPOA).

A

GABA

47
Q

If there is an anterior hypothalamic viral infection, you will have disturbance during sleep because your ______ neurons are produced here.

A

GABA

48
Q

Histaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotoninergic neurons are involved in ____________.

A

wakefulness

49
Q

If you have a viral infection in the posterior hypothalamus/midbrain, you will have difficulty ___________ or sleep _______.

A

staying awake, too much

50
Q

prolonged inability to sleep

A

insomnia

51
Q

Too little undisturbed sleep contributes to the _________ of insomnia.

A

perception

52
Q

breathing stops during sleep due to airway obstruction

A

sleep apnea

53
Q

_______ masks can be used to increase air flow and improve sleep for people with sleep apnea.

A

CPAP

54
Q

Restless leg syndrome or periodic limb movement disorder is a neurological disorder that causes people to feel pain in their leg that is remedied by __________. Because they feel pain, they have to move a lot during sleep, causing disrupted sleep.

A

movement

55
Q

Benzodiazepines, such as _______ and _________, and __________ can be used to treat insomnia.

A

valium, librium, melatonin

56
Q

People can develop drug _________ to benzodiazepines.

A

tolerance

57
Q

A sudden _________ after chronic usage of benzodiazepines can cause insomnia.

A

cessation

58
Q

Benzodiazepines may distort the _________ of sleep.

A

patterns

59
Q

Chronic use of benzodiazepines can reduce _________.

A

life expectancy

60
Q

_________ has a sleep promoting effect, but there are differences amongst individuals.

A

melatonin

61
Q

Melatonin is only effective for _________ insomniacs, such as blind people.

A

melatonin-deficient

62
Q

Narcolepsy causes ___________.

A

hypersomnia

63
Q

Uncontrollably falling asleep at inappropriate timing

A

hypersomnia

64
Q

To diagnose ____________, multiple sleep latency tests measure the tendency to fall asleep under a controlled condition during the day.

A

narcolepsy

65
Q

sudden loss of muscle strength and collapsing during awake phase of the awake-sleep cycle

A

cataplexy

66
Q

Hypersomnia may be caused by loss of ________ neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, or could be genetic, a result of an infection, or a result of an autoimmune disorder.

A

orexin

67
Q

Cataplexy (a symptom of narcolepsy) happens when someone has fallen into __________ loss of muscle tone while remaining awake.

A

REM

68
Q

inability to move while falling asleep or waking up

A

sleep paralysis

69
Q

dreamlike experiences while awake

A

hypnogogic hallucinations

70
Q

_________ sleep disorders include cataplexy and sleep paralysis.

A

REM

71
Q

When people have _________ sleep phase syndrome, they are synchronized with the environment but still have to go to bed early every night.

A

advanced

72
Q

When people have __________ sleep phase syndrome, they are synchronized with the environment, but still have to go to bed late and wake up late.

A

delayed

73
Q

Advanced sleep phase syndrome and delayed sleep phase syndrome are _________.

A

genetic

74
Q

___________ syndrome can result from jetlag or not synchronizing endogenous circadian rhythm with the environment.

A

non-24-hr sleep-wake

75
Q

__________ syndrome can be caused by lack of SCN neurons or an SCN lesion or a clock gene mutation; causes lack of expression of circadian rhythm.

A

irregular sleep-wake

PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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