PSYC 210 - Sleep Flashcards
Sleep is a __________ because we have a set of neurons controlling our activation of sleep.
behavior
Sleep is essential for __________.
survival
We sleep for _________ restoration, __________ consolidation, and to clear out brain waste.
energy, memory
A genetic disease that causes insomnia and leads to early death.
fatal familial insomnia
Brain wave, muscle tone, and eye movements can be monitored to determine _______ of sleep cycles.
stages
EEG (Electroencephalogram) measures _____________ activity.
brain-wave
EMG (electromyogram) measures ________ activity.
muscle
EOG (electrooculogram) measures ____________.
eye movement
A sleep cycle contain ____ stages.
4
EEG ________ and _________ changes across the 4 stages of sleep.
amplitude, frequency
Stages 1-4 of the sleep cycle are ______ sleep.
non-REM
Stages 3 & 4 of the sleep cycle are ________ (delta wave) sleep.
slow-wave
In a sleep cycle, the sleeper progresses to stage ___ sleep, and then back to stages 3,2, and _______.
4, REM
During ______ sleep, your brain activity is similar to when you are awake.
REM
It is very easy to wake up during _______ sleep.
REM
REM sleep has a _______ amplitude and _______ frequency on the EEG
low, high
During REM sleep ___________ activity increases to waking levels.
cerebral
loss of muscle tone
atonia
___________ occurs during non-REM sleep and REM sleep. The _____ of dream during REM and non-REM differ.
dreaming, types
__________ during stage 3 of sleep is a sense of crushing feeling but not vivid dreams.
night terror
Dreams during _______ sleep are very action-packed. During _______ sleep, dreams are usually abstract.
REM, stage 3
Slow wave sleep has a _____ frequency and _______ amplitude on an EEG.
low, high
Sleep walking or talking occurs during ______ sleep.
stage 3
During __________ sleep you will experience atonia, but during ________ sleep you will have moderate muscle tone.
REM, stage 3
During REM sleep you will have ________ autonomic activity, but during slow-wave sleep you will have ________ autonomic activity.
high, reduced
Migratory birds and marine mammals such as dolphins and whales sleep one hemisphere at a time; they experience _________ sleep.
unilateral
During __________ sleep there is appearance of delta waves in one hemisphere while the other is desynchronized. This suggests that the two cerebral hemispheres are taking turns sleeping.
unilateral
When you try to makeup sleep after deprivation, your total sleep lost is never regained. _________ sleep is compensated most, and ______ is the second most.
stage 4 slow-wave, REM
Chronic sleep deprivation impairs _______ function and ________
cognitive, health
Chronic ____________ is related to the development of cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, etc.
sleep deprivation
Chronic sleep loss interferes with activity of both ________ and ________.
neurons, glias
Brief sleep periods lasting up to a few seconds
microsleeps
Microsleeps occur during the _________ more frequently in _________ subjects.
day, sleep deprived
As you age, your percent of REM sleep __________, which can impact _________.
decreased, brain development
After you are deprived of REM sleep, you have an increased tendency to go into REM, known as the _________.
REM rebound
Early in life we sleep a great deal, and about ________ of that time spent is in REM sleep.
half
By adulthood, we average about _____ hours of sleep at night, ___% of which is REM sleep.
8, 20
Most people sleep appreciably _______ in old age.
less
A region called the basal forebrain promotes slow-wave sleep by releasing ______ into the tuberomammillary nucleus in the __________.
GABA, hypothalamus
The reticular formation in the brain stem consists of multiple ______ and __________. It contains an ________ system and controls major events during ________ sleep.
nuclei, nerve fiber tracts, arousal, REM
The brainstem contains an ascending ________ system, projecting mostly monoaminergic axons to the brain. Electrical stimulation here promotes __________ and _________. Lesions can produce ________ sleep states.
arousal, wakefulness, alertness, constant
The subcoeruleus, which is just ventral to the locus coeruleus, sends widespread projections to promote _________ sleep.
REM
__________ projecting to the spinal cord profoundly inhibit motor neurons so that they cannot fire, causing muscle ________.
Medullary axons, atonia
A region in the _____________, including neurons that use ____________ as a neurotransmitter, sends axons to the other three sleep centers and seems to coordinate them, enforcing patterns of sleep.
hypothalamus, hypocretin
Loss of __________ can lead to disorganized sleep, such as REM-like muscle atonia while still awake (in narcolepsy).
hypocretin
To initiate sleep, the only neuron truly necessary is the _______ neuron in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPOA).
GABA
If there is an anterior hypothalamic viral infection, you will have disturbance during sleep because your ______ neurons are produced here.
GABA
Histaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotoninergic neurons are involved in ____________.
wakefulness
If you have a viral infection in the posterior hypothalamus/midbrain, you will have difficulty ___________ or sleep _______.
staying awake, too much
prolonged inability to sleep
insomnia
Too little undisturbed sleep contributes to the _________ of insomnia.
perception
breathing stops during sleep due to airway obstruction
sleep apnea
_______ masks can be used to increase air flow and improve sleep for people with sleep apnea.
CPAP
Restless leg syndrome or periodic limb movement disorder is a neurological disorder that causes people to feel pain in their leg that is remedied by __________. Because they feel pain, they have to move a lot during sleep, causing disrupted sleep.
movement
Benzodiazepines, such as _______ and _________, and __________ can be used to treat insomnia.
valium, librium, melatonin
People can develop drug _________ to benzodiazepines.
tolerance
A sudden _________ after chronic usage of benzodiazepines can cause insomnia.
cessation
Benzodiazepines may distort the _________ of sleep.
patterns
Chronic use of benzodiazepines can reduce _________.
life expectancy
_________ has a sleep promoting effect, but there are differences amongst individuals.
melatonin
Melatonin is only effective for _________ insomniacs, such as blind people.
melatonin-deficient
Narcolepsy causes ___________.
hypersomnia
Uncontrollably falling asleep at inappropriate timing
hypersomnia
To diagnose ____________, multiple sleep latency tests measure the tendency to fall asleep under a controlled condition during the day.
narcolepsy
sudden loss of muscle strength and collapsing during awake phase of the awake-sleep cycle
cataplexy
Hypersomnia may be caused by loss of ________ neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, or could be genetic, a result of an infection, or a result of an autoimmune disorder.
orexin
Cataplexy (a symptom of narcolepsy) happens when someone has fallen into __________ loss of muscle tone while remaining awake.
REM
inability to move while falling asleep or waking up
sleep paralysis
dreamlike experiences while awake
hypnogogic hallucinations
_________ sleep disorders include cataplexy and sleep paralysis.
REM
When people have _________ sleep phase syndrome, they are synchronized with the environment but still have to go to bed early every night.
advanced
When people have __________ sleep phase syndrome, they are synchronized with the environment, but still have to go to bed late and wake up late.
delayed
Advanced sleep phase syndrome and delayed sleep phase syndrome are _________.
genetic
___________ syndrome can result from jetlag or not synchronizing endogenous circadian rhythm with the environment.
non-24-hr sleep-wake
__________ syndrome can be caused by lack of SCN neurons or an SCN lesion or a clock gene mutation; causes lack of expression of circadian rhythm.
irregular sleep-wake
