PSYC 210 - Hormones & Sex Flashcards
Sexual Differentiation
Females with Turner’s Syndrome have ____ chromosomes.
X0
Males with Klinefelter syndrome have ___ chromosomes.
XXY
Males with Jacob syndrome have ___ chromosomes.
XYY
The ______ gene in the Y chromosome is responsible for making the SRY protein, which causes the development of _______.
SRY, testes
_________ masculinizes the reproductive organs and the brain.
testosterone
A ________ fetus has indifferent gonads, genital tubercle that can form either a clitoris or penis, and Wolffian and Mullerian ducts.
undifferentiated
A fetus will develop into a female, unless ____________ occurs at 8 weeks of gestation.
testicular secretions
If the fetus is a male, testosterone develops the _________ duct and masculinizes the genital tubercle. The anti-mullerian hormone causes regression of the mullerian system.
wolffian
The _________ duct differentiates and develops the male organs while the ________ duct differentiates and develops the female organ.
Wolffian, Mullerian
Mullerian derivates are ______ reproductive organs. As long as there is no male sex hormone, the Mullerian duct will develop into a __________.
female, uterus
Wolffian derivates are _______ reproductive organs. ___________ will cause development of testes.
male, testosterone
If a female fetus does not have _________, the Mullerian duct cannot develop.
testosterone
By about ___ weeks, the sex of the fetus is clear.
15-16
Sexual dimorphism occurs when there is a sexually dimorphic nucleus of the ___________ area.
preoptic
Males have a __________ medial POA with ________ neurons than females.
larger, more
Testosterone inhibits apoptosis, programmed cell death, during the neural development
organizational effect
Female rodents have __________ AVPV with more neurons than males.
larger
In humans, the INAH-3 is an analog of rodent ______.
SDN
The size of the INAH-3 is _________ in men than both homosexual men and women.
larger
Hormones from the fetal testes _________ the body and brain in nonhuman mammals.
masculinize
The number of neurons of the INAH-3 is the same for males and homosexual males, but _________ than in females.
greater
The fetal ovaries do not secrete ________, so the body develops in a feminine fashion, as does the brain.
androgens
Early exposure to the androgen testosterone ___________ sexual behavior in both male and female rodents.
masculinizes
In rats, when testosterone is blocked during brain development, the rat will exhibit ________ behavior (lordosis).
female
In rats, when testosterone is injected during brain development, the rat will exhibit _______ behavior (mounting).
male
In XY chromosome carriers, mutations in the gene 5-alpha reductase converts tesoserone to ____.
DHT
__________ causes low levels of potent DHT, causing partially masculinized genitalia at exterior tissues.
5-alpha reductase deficiency
___________ occurs when mutations in the
androgen receptor gene makes cells unable to respond to testosterone. The XY individual will develop female _________ genitalia, but do not have a uterus or ovaries and have undescended testes.
AIS (androgen insensitivity syndrome), external
In XX chromosome carriers, CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia) causes the adrenal glands to produce abnormally high amounts of _________, leading to an intersex appearance in a newborn.
androgens
According to the 23andme survey results, sexual orientations does not appear to be a binary _________.
phenotype
Homosexuality is a _________ phenotype.
natural
There appears to be a __________ affect of homosexuality; later born sons to the same mother have increased probability of homosexuality.
fraternal birth order
Pregnant women may have progressive __________ response to the male-linked protein during gestation of male, but not female, embryos.
immune
Sexual orientation is heavily influenced by __________ biological events.
prenatal
