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PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience > PSYC 210 - Biological Rhythms > Flashcards

PSYC 210 - Biological Rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

The __________ rhythm is a yearly, migratory cycle.

A

circannual

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2
Q

The _________ rhythm is longer than a day, monthly, such as the menstrual cycle.

A

infradian

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3
Q

The __________ rhythm is a cycle that happens every 24 hours, daily, such as the human-sleep-wake cycle.

A

circadian

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4
Q

_________ rhythm is a cycle that happens within a few hours, or a day, such as meals or sleep cycles.

A

ultradian

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5
Q

Humans and animals have ________ for biological rhythms.

A

endogenous clocks

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6
Q

Cues that synchronize biological rhythms

A

zietgeber

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7
Q

the process of synchronizing an endogenous biological rhythm to the rhythm of an environmental cue

A

entrainment

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8
Q

Humans and animals show __________ despite living in a constant light or constant dark environment.

A

biological rhythms

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9
Q

spontaneous rhythm in environments without changes in lightness

A

free running rhythm

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10
Q

Human free running circadian rhythm is on average ______ than 24 hours.

A

greater

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11
Q

With exposure to sunlight during the day and darkness at nighttime, animals and humans express an _________ circadian rhythm.

A

entrained

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12
Q

During constant light or constant dark, animals express a _________ circadian rhythm.

A

free running

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13
Q

The ______ of the hypothalamus is the master oscillator of biological rhythms.

A

SCN

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14
Q

Individual ______ neurons fire rhythmically in a tissue culture.

A

SCN

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15
Q

Rhythmic SCN neuronal activity is __________.

A

genetically programmed

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16
Q

________ genes are also found in cells of other organs.

A

clock

17
Q

_______ coordinates cells that control the rhythmic occurrence of different physiological events or behaviors (e.g., digestion, blood pressure, sleep).

A

SCN

18
Q

Lesions of the SCN lead to irregular locomotor activity patterns (_______).Transplant of __________ SCN cells restores the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity.

A

arrhythmic, embryonic

19
Q

The SCN gets light cue from the ____________ tract. Light signal is transmitted from a small population of retinal ganglion cells (neurons) to the SCN of the ___________.

A

retinohypothalamic, hypothalamus

20
Q

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells have no image-forming function, but detect _____________ and express ___________, a light-sensitive substance.

A

brightness, melanopsin

21
Q

Loss of ipRGCs causes an exhibition of ___________ rhythm because no way to interpret light information.

A

free running

22
Q

___% of neurons are retinal ganglion cells.

A

95

23
Q

__% of neurons are ipGRCs that don’t need input, just light.

A

5

24
Q

_________ can be caused by travel, work shifts, or social.

A

jet lag

25
Q

Jet lag can be reduced by ____ exposure & intensity, meal _________, and weekend sleep catch up.

A

light, entrainment

26
Q

_________ rhythm is formed based on changes in the length of the light cycle throughout the year.

A

circannual

27
Q

You secrete melatonin longer in the _________.

A

winter

28
Q

The ______ gland secretes melatonin at nighttime.

A

pineal

29
Q

When it becomes dark outside, the pineal gland secretes ______ melatonin.

A

more

30
Q

_____ is involved in circannual rhythm. Male testosterone secretion is inhibited by the large amount of __________ in the winter.

A

SCN, melatonin

31
Q

Hamsters engage in more sexual behavior in the summer when melatonin production ____________ because gonads will grow and ___________ hormone production that stimulates sexual behavior.

A

decrease, increase

32
Q

Symptoms of winter SAD can be alleviated using ___________ (30 minutes) in the morning.

A

light exposure

33
Q

Dark environment in the winter can increase depressive symptoms.

A

Winter SAD

34
Q

If the SCN is intact, people can express __________ and _________ rhythm.

A

free running, entrained circadian

35
Q

If a person has an intact SCN, but both eyes have lost melanopsin and ipRGC, they cannot show entrained circadian rhythm, but instead ___________ rhythm.

A

free running

36
Q

If there are lesions in the SCN only __________ rhythm will be expressed.

A

irregular

PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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