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PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience > Unit 4 - Neurodevelopment > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Neurodevelopment Flashcards

1
Q

What method is used to generate images of the brain during neurodevelopment?

A

structural MRI

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2
Q

The fertilized egg starts to develop after about ____ hours, then becomes the blastocyst.

A

12

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3
Q

An embryo develops 3 distinct layers: the ________, ________, and __________.

A

endoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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4
Q

The __________ is the outer layer of cells that gives rise to the nervous system

A

ectoderm

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5
Q

During the first 4 weeks of development, the neural plate becomes the neural __________ with a neural __________. These form together to make a neural ________.

A

groove, crest, tube

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6
Q

After 4 weeks of development, the neural tube forms what 3 sub-division?

A

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

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7
Q

Brain and body weigh typically increase together until __________.

A

adulthood

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8
Q

The earliest stage of neurodevelopment is ___________.

A

neurogenesis

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9
Q

Cell division (mitosis) to make newly born neurons

A

Neurogenesis

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10
Q

neurons are created from undifferentiated ____________ cells

A

precursor

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11
Q

Precursor cells are made on the inside of the neural tube in the ____________ zone.

A

ventricular

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12
Q

By birth, mammals will have most of the ___________ they will every have.

A

neurons

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13
Q

Neurogenesis in adulthood may be possible in the _____________ (dentate gyrus) and __________ in some species (plays a role in learning and memory)

A

hippocampus, olfactory

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14
Q

Research on ________ has shown newly made cells to be neurons.

A

rodents

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15
Q

Movement of neurons or their precursors to establish distinct populations

A

Cell Migration

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16
Q

During cell migration neurons stop at different points to form different _______________.

A

populations

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17
Q

Neurons are born in the _________ zone then migrate through the _______ tube via radiaglia.

A

ventricular, neural

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18
Q

Refining of cells into distinct types of neurons or glia

A

cell differentiation

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19
Q

Cell differentiation occurs due to turning specific genes on or off (changing ____________ patterns). This changes cell __________ and __________.

A

gene expression, appearance, function

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20
Q

Selective death of many nerve cells

A

Cell death

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21
Q

What are the two types of cell death in the body?

A

Necrosis & apoptosis

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22
Q

Provoked cell death (e.g., by accident)

A

necrosis

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23
Q

Programmed cell death (cell turns on death genes causing it to die in a planned manner)

A

apoptosis

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24
Q

How many neurons typically die during normal development?

A

1/2 or more

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25
Q

During cell death, cells compete for ___________ and ___________ and losers die. Cells that win are the ones that survive.

A

synapses, growth factors

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26
Q

__________ syndrome results in less cell death during neurodevelopment caused by a mutation in the X chromosome.

A

Fragile X

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27
Q

Establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow

A

Synaptogensis

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28
Q

Fate of synaptogenesis is determined by ________ the cells is and what the __________ are doing (cell-cell interactions)

A

where, neighbors

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29
Q

Synaptogenesis is influenced by outside chemical signals, known as ______________.

A

neurotropic factors

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30
Q

Chemicals that facilitate many aspects of neural development including cell migration, differentiation, and synaptogenesis.

A

neurotropic factors

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31
Q

What are some examples of neurotropic factors?

A

Nerve growth factors (NGF) and Brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)

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32
Q

_________’s research on neurotropic factors earned her a nobel prize.

A

Rita Levi Montalcini

33
Q

Attracted towards neutropic factoors and “pull” the neurons toward the cells

A

Growth cone

34
Q

___________ neurotropic factor is also important for learning and memory development

A

brain derived

35
Q

Loss, growth, and competition of synapses to refine connections between

A

Synapse rearrangement or remodeling

36
Q

Initially the ________ becomes more elaborate with more synapses, but, like neurons, not all synapses are kept.

A

cortex

37
Q

The prefrontal cortex usually peaks in synapses around ____ years old.

A

5

38
Q

The auditory cortex usually peaks in synapses around _____ years old .

A

5

39
Q

The visual cortex usually peaks in synapses around ____ years old.

A

1

40
Q

What synapses are kept and lost is determined by neural _________ because active synapses take up ________ neurotropic factors.

A

activity, more

41
Q

During cell differentiation, different target cells produce different ___________ that are taken up by neurons.

A

neurotropic factors

42
Q

Neurotropic factors change gene __________ and cell _________, which affects cell death.

A

expression, differentiation

43
Q

Neurons with enough _____________ survive, but neurons with too little die.

A

neurotropic factors

44
Q

Because neurotropic factors match target cell number, leads to a rough matching of ________ and ____________ neurons.

A

target, innervating

45
Q

During synaptogenesis and synapse rearrangement, processes grow in response to ____________ signals.

A

neurotropic

46
Q

Axonal processes compete for ____________.

A

neurotropic factors

47
Q

____________ synapses get more neurotropic factors

A

active

48
Q

_______/__________ of synapses can change which connections are kept.

A

activity, experience

49
Q

Addition of myelin to axons

A

myelination

50
Q

Glial cells and neurons start from the same population of undifferentiated cells. Glial cells then differentiate as well, including _____________, which form myelin in neurons, leading to more efficient signaling.

A

oligodendrocytes

51
Q

__________ allows insulation to allow faster transmission of signals.

A

myelin

52
Q

Myelination starts ____ weeks post-conception.

A

24

53
Q

The myelination process starts in the _____, then proceeds up the _____. It reaches the __________ cortex and __________ last.

A

PNS, CNS, frontal, cerebellum

54
Q

Unlike neurons, glial cells are myelinating ___________.

A

continually

55
Q

Volume of white matter in the frontal lobe peaks around mid ____-____s.

A

20-30s

56
Q

Teenage years are characterized by continued development of frontal _________ matter, frontal __________, and __________ functions.

A

white, synaptic rearrangement, executive

57
Q

Adolescence results in well developed _________ system, and less developed __________ cortex, which could be the cause of so many mental health issues.

A

striatal, frontal

58
Q

The genetic information (DNA) that an individual has inherited

A

Genotype

59
Q

Genes and experience influence ___________.

A

behavior

60
Q

The physical characteristics of an organism.

A

Phenotype

61
Q

The __________ of an organism is constantly changing.

A

phenotype

62
Q

Autosomal recessive disorder (carried by 1/100 individuals, affects 1/10000 births) that causes the absence of enzyme for breaking down the amino acid phenylalanine. This damages the brain and can lead to intellectual disability.

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

63
Q

PKU proves that _________ is not everything.

A

genotype

64
Q

Study of factors that change gene expression without changing DNA

A

epigentics

65
Q

Chemical modification to DNA that doesn’t change the sequence, but changes likelihood of gene expression

A

methylation

66
Q

Glucocorticoid (stress hormone) can change __________ of receptor for glucocorticoids in the brain. This leads rat pups to become hyper-responsive to _________.

A

methylation, stress

67
Q

Everything in the visual system is __________ and _________.

A

upside down, backwards

68
Q

A mapping that preserves the point-to-point correspondence between neighboring parts of space

A

topographic retinotopic mapping

69
Q

Information from the left and right side of space are sent to the ____________ hemispheres.

A

opposite

70
Q

Information from the two eyes is combined in V1 to help with depth __________.

A

perception

71
Q

Depth perception is present in ___ mo. old infants.

A

6

72
Q

Interocular distance and size of the eyes grow and alter the geometrical relations underlying most ________ cues.

A

depth

73
Q

_____________ in V1 carry separate information from right and left eyes.

A

Ocular Dominance Columns

74
Q

Are ocular dominance innate or dependent on experience?

A

both

75
Q

Biasing visual experience, _____________, affects ocular dominance during critical periods.

A

monocular deprivation

76
Q

A window of time in which an organism’s experience can dramatically reshape the connectivity/function of neurons

A

Critical/sensitive period

77
Q

__________ can interact with and alter typical developmental trajectories.

A

experience

78
Q

___________ may be necessary for typical development to proceed.

A

Experience

79
Q

Critical periods are more sensitive to ____________.

A

experience

PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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